英文电影发展历程

‘壹’ 帮忙找电影发展史的英语版本，万分感谢

History of Motion Pictures
I INTRODUCTION

History of Motion Pictures, historical development of the visual medium known as motion pictures, film, cinema, or the movies. This article covers the medium’s history as a technology, as a business, as an art form, and as a means of delivering entertainment and information to audiences in theaters and at home. It discusses major filmmakers and their films, principal fiction and nonfiction genres, and film instries in the United States and throughout the world. For more information on the technical aspects involved in creating a film, see Motion Picture.

II ORIGINS

In the early 19th century scientists took note of a visual phenomenon: A sequence of indivial still pictures, when set in motion, can give the illusion of movement. These scientists attributed this experience to what they called persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a visual image for a fraction of a second after the source has been removed. The eye’s retention of a visual image, now known as positive afterimage, has long been considered a founding principle of motion pictures, even though its relationship to the perception of motion is still not well understood.

A Early Experiments

The persistence of vision concept stimulated experimentation with motion-picture devices throughout the 19th century. Among the first such devices was a slotted disk with a sequence of drawings around its perimeter. When a person spun the disk in front of a mirror and looked through the slots, the drawings appeared to move. The zoetrope, a device developed in the 1830s, was a hollow drum with a strip of pictures around its inner surface. When spun, it proced the same effect. In the 1870s French inventor Émile Reynaud improved on this idea by placing mirrors at the center of the drum. A few years later he developed a projecting version, using a reflector and a lens to enlarge the moving images. In 1892 he began holding public screenings in Paris at his Théâtre Optique, with hundreds of drawings on a reel that he wound through his apparatus to construct moving images that continued for 15 minutes.

Inventors began to conceive of combining the principles of these moving-image devices with the photographic recording of actual movement soon after the development of still photography in the 1830s. The most famous experiment occurred in the 1870s in California, where railroad tycoon Leland Stanford hired British photographer Eadweard Muybridge to settle a bet on whether a galloping horse ever had all four feet off the ground. Muybridge set up 12 cameras along a racetrack and spread threads across the track with a contact to each camera’s shutter. Moving along the track, the horse broke the threads and caused a sequence of photographs to be taken. The photos showed the horse with all four feet off the ground, and Muybridge went on a lecture tour showing his photographs on a moving-image device he called the zoopraxiscope.

Muybridge’s endeavors stimulated French scientist Étienne-Jules Marey to devise equipment for recording and analyzing animal and human movement. He built what he called a chronophotographic camera that could take multiple images superimposed on one another. His work was aided in turn by developments in photographic materials. In 1885 American inventor George Eastman introced sensitized paper roll “film” in place of the indivial glass plates then in use. In 1889 Eastman replaced the paper roll with celluloid, a synthetic plastic material coated with a gelatin emulsion.

B Thomas Alva Edison and William K. L. Dickson

Legendary American inventor Thomas Alva Edison drew upon the work of Muybridge, Marey, and Eastman when he turned his attention to motion pictures in the late 1880s. In his laboratories in West Orange, New Jersey, Edison assigned to a British employee, William K. L. Dickson, the task of constructing a machine for recording actual movement on film and another machine for viewing the resulting images. By 1891 Dickson had proced a motion-picture camera, called the Kinetograph, and a viewing machine, bbed the Kinetoscope.

The Kinetograph was operated by an electric motor that moved the celluloid film roll past the camera lens. Motor-driven cameras, which were bulky and stationary, were soon replaced by movable hand-cranked cameras. Dickson’s key contribution was a sprocket mechanism linked to the camera’s shutter, which momentarily stopped the film roll for each exposure. These separate still photographic images came to be called frames. Early cameras used a number of different speeds for exposing frames, but by the advent of sound film in the late 1920s the standard had become 24 frames per second.

In early 1893 Edison constructed a motion-picture studio on his laboratory grounds, bbed the Black Maria by his staff who thought it resembled police patrol wagons known by that nickname. On May 9, 1893, he held the first public exhibition of films shot using the Kinetograph in the Black Maria. But only one person at a time could use his viewing machine, the Kinetoscope. This boxlike structure contained a motor-and-shutter mechanism similar to the camera’s. It ran a loop of positive film past an electric light source, illuminating a tiny image, which the viewer observed through a small window. Kinetoscope viewing parlors containing many machines for indivial viewing began to open in cities in 1894. Edison and Dickson apparently gave little thought to a single machine that could project moving images to a large audience, something Reynaud had achieved in his Théâtre Optique. Reynaud, however, had displayed drawings rather than images photographed by a motion-picture camera.

C The Lumière Brothers

In France, the brothers Auguste and Louis Lumière, who ran a factory in Lyons that manufactured photographic equipment, sought to improve on Edison’s accomplishment. By 1895 they developed a lightweight, hand-held camera that used a claw mechanism to advance the film roll. They named it the Cinématographe, and they soon discovered that it could also be used to show large images on a screen, when linked with projecting equipment. Throughout 1895 they shot films and projected them for select groups. Their first screening for the general public was held in Paris in December 1895.

Elsewhere other inventors were also busy. In Germany, the brothers Emil and Max Skladanowsky devised an apparatus and projected films in Berlin in November 1895. In Britain, a machine developed by Birt Acres and Robert W. Paul was used to project films in London in January 1896. In the United States, a projector called the Vitascope was constructed around the same time by Charles Francis Jenkins and Thomas Armat. Armat then entered into a commercial alliance with Edison to manufacture the Vitascope, and the device exhibited projected motion pictures in New York City in April 1896.

The Lumière brothers held a unique place among all these simultaneous efforts, since they were innovative filmmakers as well as inventors and manufacturers. The many films they made ring 1895 and 1896, though very short, are considered pivotal in the history of motion pictures. Arroseur et arrosé (Waterer and Watered, 1896), a brief comedy drawn from a newspaper cartoon, shows a gardener getting drenched with a hose as the result of a boy’s prank. La sortie de l’usine Lumière à Lyon (Workers Leaving the Lumiere Factory, 1895) and Arrivée d’un train en gare (Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat, 1896), which shows a train coming to a station and passengers getting off, were among the so-called actuality films—films that depicted actual events rather than a story told by actors—for which the Lumières became noted.

III ONE-REELERS

During the decade following the advent of projected motion pictures, films were shown as part of vaudeville or variety programs, at carnivals and fairgrounds, in lecture halls and churches, and graally in spaces converted for the exclusive exhibition of movies. Most films ran no longer than 10 to 12 minutes, which reflected the amount of film that could be wound on a standard reel for projection (hence the term one-reelers). Many were comedies or actualities, following the Lumière brothers’ example. Their purpose was spectacle—to show something astounding, unusual, titillating, or perhaps newsworthy. But filmmakers also struck out in new directions, especially toward fantasy and narrative.

French magician and filmmaker Georges Méliès was the outstanding creator of fantasy films in early cinema. Méliès exploited the new medium to enhance his magic acts through techniques such as stop-motion photography—interrupting the camera’s action and moving or substituting people and objects—so that, for example, a woman appeared to turn into a skeleton. He created elaborate backdrops with multiple scenes and costume changes for these so-called trick films that were widely emulated by other filmmakers. Of the hundreds of works he made between 1896 and 1912, perhaps the best-known is Le voyage dans la lune (A Trip to the Moon, 1902), which in one scene features the animated human face of the moon being struck in the eye by a rocket.

In the United States, a former projectionist and traveling exhibitor, Edwin S. Porter, took charge of motion-picture proction at Edison’s company in 1901 and began making longer films that told a story. As with Méliès’s films, these required multiple shots that could be edited into a narrative sequence. Porter’s most notable film—and the most famous work of early cinema—was The Great Train Robbery (1903), which is credited with establishing movies as a commercial entertainment medium. With its rapid shifts of location, including action on a moving train, this film offered spectators a breadth and immediacy of vision that became hallmarks of the cinema experience.

Spurred by The Great Train Robbery and subsequent story films, film exhibition greatly expanded in the United States around 1905. One phenomenon was the proliferation of nickelodeon theaters, converted storefronts in instrial cities that charged 5 cents for admission and attracted working-class audiences. Demand from these theaters increased the volume of film proction and the profits for procers, but it also brought forth criticism from reformers concerning unsanitary or unsafe conditions in theaters and immoral subject matter in films. In 1908 Edison took the lead in establishing the Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC), a consortium of procers with common goals: controlling proction and distribution so as to eliminate cheap theaters, raising admission prices, cooperating with censorship bodies, and preventing film stock from getting into the hands of nonmember procers. However, the independent procers excluded from the MPPC continued to obtain materials and make the most popular films. They also led the way toward multireel, feature-length films. By 1915 the MPPC was under attack by the U.S. government as an illegal monopoly (although an ineffectual one), and the independents were combining into the companies that would dominate American filmmaking for decades to come.

IV SILENT MOVIES

With a few experimental exceptions, motion pictures from their earliest days until the late 1920s lacked synchronous sound (sound that matches the action). But silent movies were rarely silent. Early films almost always were projected with piano or organ accompaniment, and sometimes also with a narrator or live actors behind the screen. As feature-length films (four reels, with a running time of 40 to 50 minutes or more) became the norm in the 1910s, live orchestras began to play in larger theaters, frequently using music written specifically for the film.

Until World War I (1914-1918) European filmmakers dominated the world film market. France was considered the leading film-procing country, though Italy, Denmark, and other countries also played a significant role. However, the war, fought on European soil, disrupted commercial filmmaking there. With a sudden drop in European film exports, some regions, such as Latin America, experienced a brief surge in film proction. But U.S. companies soon took over markets overseas, using the same tactics of high-volume proction and lower prices that the Europeans had. By the 1920s some three-quarters of films screened around the world came from the United States.

A American Silent Movies

Even before the war, the United States had made its mark on the world filmmaking scene with epics and comedies. Moreover, U.S. moviemakers had begun to congregate in southern California in the Los Angeles suburb of Hollywood (see The Move to Hollywood, below), creating a film community apart from older urban centers of politics and the arts, and a magical new symbol for popular entertainment and glamour.

A1 D. W. Griffith

The work of D. W. Griffith exemplifies the transformation of motion pictures from the early days of one-reelers to an era of Hollywood’s worldwide dominance. Starting out as an actor in films directed by Edwin S. Porter, Griffith in 1908 became a director at the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company in New York City. He was initially responsible for turning out two one-reel films a week, and between 1908 and 1913 he directed nearly 500 films. Amidst this breakneck schele, he and his co-workers developed many of the cinema’s basic storytelling conventions: moving the camera close to the action, using many separate shots, and editing the shots to cut back and forth among different actions. All these techniques served to shape a narrative, rather than present a spectacle as earlier films had tended to do. Griffith also nurtured performers such as Mary Pickford and Lillian Gish and emphasized an intimate, restrained style of acting suitable for camera close-ups.

Leaving Biograph in 1913 to make full-length features, Griffith planned a historical epic of the American Civil War (1861-1865). The Birth of a Nation (1915), three hours in length, stunned audiences with its dazzling spectacle of a still-recent event and established motion pictures as an art form for cultured spectators. Yet the film’s racist presumptions—specifically, its defense of white supremacy to protect racial purity—was controversial in its own time and remains repugnant decades later. Griffith made another epic, Intolerance (1916), which intertwined four stories about victims of prejudice, and continued to work as an independent filmmaker into the 1920s. Eventually, financial pressures forced him to become a director at a Hollywood studio, and he made his last film in 1931.

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‘贰’ 好莱坞最主要的三个历史时期是

好莱坞电影自诞生后不久就在国际上占据了重要的地位，时至今日已成为世界电影工业的霸主，活跃于世界的每一个角落。纵观好莱坞发展史，好莱坞电影美学风格在上世纪的六、七十年代有一次较大的变化，在此之前可以称为经典好莱坞时期，而之后则可成为新好莱坞时期。 第一次世界大战结束以后十年中间，对于美国电影而言，乃是一个征服全世界的兴盛时期。外国影片在美国两万家电影院的上映节目中已经完全消灭。在世界各国，美国影片占着上映节目60～90％的优势，每年约有两亿美元被用来生产800多部影片。电影方面的投资超过15亿美元，这样大的资金使电影事业在美国成了一种大规模的工业，在资本上可以与制造汽车、罐头、钢铁、石油、纸烟这些美国最大的工业相比拟。派拉蒙、劳乌、福斯、米高梅、环球这些大制片公司，支配着影片的生产以及全世界影片的上映和发行。它们和华尔街的金融巨头如柯恩·洛埃伯银行、通用汽车公司、杜邦·德·奈莫尔、摩根、洛克菲勒等密切地结合在一起。 自从格里菲斯失势之后，金融资本家所重视的已不是导演，而是电影明星。后者成了制片公司的一种工具或者商标。从这时起，影片的真正主人是制片人，也就是那些被华尔街的银行家所赏识与选定的企业家。电影导演和照明技师、摄影师、布景设计师一样，只不过是每周领取一定报酬的受雇者而已。制片人利用解除合同这种暗中威胁的办法，把导演过去所掌握的大部分实权，如对主题、明星和技师的选择、剧本和蒙太奇的仔细推敲、布景和服装的监督等等，全部夺取过去。 这样一来，制片人便成了决定艺术成败的一切因素的主人。他最关切的乃是怎样多赚钱，他的董事会也只根据影片的利润率来估量他的价值。因此摄制影片完全以票房收入为指导原则。他们对独立的影评家的评论，满不放在眼中，而事实上，这种影评在美国当时可说几乎全未存在。 但制片人自己只在幕后指挥一切。在好莱坞露面的乃是电影明星，而“明星制度”也成为好莱坞征服世界的基础。观众对电影明星的崇拜是用几百万张签名的照片来维持的，广告和宣传在这些偶像周围创造一种传奇的气氛。明星的恋爱、离婚以及他们所使用的化妆品、住宅、他们喜爱的动物，在某些国家成了一般人关心和津津乐道的题材。“明星制度”甚至使鲁道夫·范伦铁诺、玛丽·璧克馥、道格拉斯·范朋克、格洛丽亚·史璜逊、华莱士·雷德、约翰·基尔伯特、梅·茂莱、瑙尔玛·塔尔麦琦等人变成了真正被崇拜的偶像。 一些有名的宗教团体对这种竞争深感不安。清教徒对好莱坞展开了一起起攻击，这些攻击又因一些明星丑事的传播（如：华莱士·雷德因吸毒和酗酒而身死，某一舞女在有胖明星亚布克尔参加的一次宴会上遭到了谋杀，以及某些明星曾犯谋杀或因恋爱犯罪等等），而变得更加猛烈。 此时资本家成立了一个名叫“美国制片人与发行人协会”的机构，这个机构是由一个虔诚的清教徒、共和党领袖威廉·海斯负责组织起来的。按照海斯的说法，电影变成了旅行商人，“商品跟在影片后面，凡是美国影片深入的地方，我们一定能够销售更多的美国货物”。 当好莱坞了解到这种国际使命时，美国某些明星扮演的人物也发生了变化。道格拉斯·范朋克在“三角影片公司”时曾幽默地扮演一个强壮、天真、乐观、为女人所喜爱的美国英雄，但到后来却在墨西哥的《佐罗的标记》、法国的《三个火枪手》、英国的《罗宾汉》、东方的《巴格达窃贼》及《黑海盗》中变成一个不可战胜的大力士，一个无所畏惧和无可指责的骑士和保卫正义而且总是获得胜利的人。随着年岁的增长，范朋克日益喜好巨大的布景、极端的豪华和神秘的力量。 拒绝把自己附属于明星的导演为数可说极少。随着好莱坞的建立，电影先驱人物不是日趋没落就是销声匿迹。托马斯·英斯已经故世；麦克·塞纳特虽然还在继续摄制一些优良的作品，但他的声誉却并未因此增长；至于格里菲斯此时则正在逐渐走下坡路。标志格里菲斯登峰造极的作品，在美国乃是他的《一个国家的诞生》，在欧洲乃是他的《被摧残的花朵》，在电影艺术方面则是《党同伐异》。但是，商业上的失败终于注定了格里菲斯的悲惨命运。这位被列入制片厂黑名单的伟大艺术家，在他以后残余的二十几年生命中，再也没有机会导演一部影片了。好莱坞的拜金主义把它的创始人都毁灭了。 格里菲斯的没落，正好和西席·地密尔的兴隆形成鲜明的对照。后者的庸俗的商人气息和浮夸的作风，成了好莱坞影片四十年以来的特征。他拍了各种样式的影片，从浮华喜剧《男性和女性》和其他由格洛丽亚·史璜逊主演的影片，一直到场面豪华的反苏宣传片《伏尔加的船夫》和反对无神论的闹剧片《不信上帝的少女》（片中有对儿童监狱的杰出描写），凡是能够赚钱的影片，他都加以摄制。地密尔最成功的作品是一些带有浓厚游艺场气氛的大型片，在这些大型片中，地密尔除了取材于圣经上的故事以外，还加进了一些色情的描写。好莱坞给他一笔格里菲斯所得不到的资金来摄制场面浩大的影片《十诫》和《万王之王》。地密尔由于承袭了意大利电影的老传统，结果成了最能卖座的商业性影片的导演之一。弗莱德·尼勃罗模仿他的例子，替高德温和梅育拍了一部叫做《宾虚传》的巨片，这部影片花去了600万美元的摄制费，虽然风行一时，可是收入却不过400万美元。 好莱坞这个骤然之间交了红运的城市，具有暴发户们的那种低级趣味，他们建造的豪华的别墅，硬把罗马的露天剧场和洛可可式的堡垒，天主教的大教堂和摩天大楼结合在一起。这种建筑上东拼西凑的夸张趣味连同那种说教式的象征趣味，在根据勃拉斯哥·伊巴涅兹的原作改编的影片《启示录四骑士》里表现得最为突出。这部由雷克斯·英格兰姆导演、使范伦铁诺因此成为明星的超级影片在上映收入上打破了纪录。英格兰姆在其他影片中——例如在无声电影末期他将结束电影生涯时在尼斯摄制的那些影片中——也显示出这种讲究形式的作法。 好莱坞在成为国际上的强大势力以后，它摄制的题材也变成国际化了。在它最卖座的无声片中，以美国为背景的为数很少。在这些影片中，只有詹姆斯·克鲁兹导演的那部极着名的《篷车》直接取材于美国历史，是一部歌颂开拓西部地区者的史诗。 西部片由于托马斯·英斯和W．S．哈特的功劳，曾提高到艺术的水平，但此时的西部片，除了象约翰·福特的《铁骑》这样极例外的影片以外，又变成了一种廉价影片的同义语，由一些专门迎合平民观众的导演和无名的演员粗制滥造地摄制出来。美国电影这种“失去本国特性”的倾向成了极其普遍的趋势。亨利·金虽然还能按照托马斯·英斯和格里菲斯的传统，导演了一部完美的、描写美国地方生活的影片《孝子大卫》，可是人们不但不鼓励他沿着这一方向前进，反而导使他去摄制一些流行的言情小说（如《史泰拉恨史》），或者象他以后在罗马摄制的那些影片那样，向着意大利那种场面巨大的影片方向去发展（如《罗莫拉》、《白修女》等）。 由于金融资本的国际联合、审查制度的严格、流行小说被有系统地搬上银幕、明星制度、专为卖座的打算和制片人的拜金主义这些原因，使得美国电影艺术日趋贫乏，这种贫乏和物质的丰富相形之下，显得更为突出。但美国电影中至少还存在着一个作品丰富的喜剧学派和几部例外的作品，这些影片几乎都是由外国籍的导演摄制出来的。莱昂斯·彼雷给美国人培植了对浮华喜剧的爱好，加斯尼埃则是系列影片的创造者之一。除这两人以外，还可以举出肖塔尔、阿尔倍·卡普拉尼，以及协助卓别林导演《巴黎一妇人》的阿巴迪·达拉斯特。 1920年以后，好莱坞为了打倒它的竞争者，大量吸收外国籍的优秀导演和演员前往美国。 莫里茨·斯蒂勒带着葛丽泰·嘉宝来到美国。但他专门为从德国来的演员波拉·尼格丽和强宁斯导演影片。他导演的《帝国旅馆》和《罪恶之街》这两部影片，无论在艺术上或商业上来说，都不是很成功的作品。与斯蒂勒相反，嘉宝在美国却大走红运。这位着名的女悲剧演员，确实是好莱坞一棵摇钱树，同时也给好莱坞的摄影棚带来了艺术。广告宣传使嘉宝成了传奇式的人物。她所主演的影片片名本身就具有一种宣传性质，如：《诱惑的女人》、《肉与魔》、《仙女下凡》、《神秘夫人》、《野兰花》、《接吻》等等。她在传奇式的故事中表现了历史上最着名的多情女子。 除了嘉宝以外，斯堪的纳维亚半岛的移民，对好莱坞几乎没有带来什么贡献。但从德国来的移民，特别是斯特劳亨、刘别谦、冯·斯登堡，却对美国电影有很大的贡献。欧洲电影的示范作用，使几个美国导演倾向于摄制一些艺术性超过商业性的影片。他们之中有几个确实达到了艺术的水平。有声电影兴起的前夕，美国出现了一批有才能的新电影导演，这些导演在某种程度上开始接替了先驱者的地位。 好莱坞在它历史上最繁荣时期，它的电影先驱者和欧洲最伟大的电影艺术家，与其说是加以利用，毋宁说是加以排斥。随着好莱坞的世界霸权的建立，它大部分生产就陷于毫无意义和追求豪华场面的停滞局面。 1927年10月23日，阿兰·克劳斯兰德摄制的有声响、对白和歌唱的《爵士歌王》的第一次上映，标志着电影已进入了它的历史的一个新时代。有声技术的运用使电影中复杂的叙事与流畅的对话成为可能，这一切促成了经典好莱坞电影浓重的戏剧化风格。同时这种风格也符合当时的制片厂制度。由好莱坞巨鳄麦克•塞纳特创造的制片厂制度客观上要求电影必须以迎合最广大观众的审美需求为目标，而传统的被大众所熟悉的戏剧化美学观显然是最好的选择。类型电影在这样的背景下应运而生。这些被克拉考尔称为迎合观众“深层集体心理”的影片，通过程式化的情节、类型化的人物，迅速占据了观众的视野，科幻、歌舞、犯罪等形式的类型片得以在世界影院中大行其道。 西部片作为最“美国化”的类型片在经典好莱坞时期占有重要的地位。西部片颂扬、推崇那种粗犷的个人主义和适者生存的精神，体现着善必胜恶的道德理想，因而在美国影坛上长盛不衰。弗雷德•金尼曼拍摄于1952年的《正午》就在很多方面体现了西部片的特征，或者说是体现了经典好莱坞时期影片的特征。 然而，《正午》虽然在很多方面有着经典好莱坞的影子，但它决不算是一部地道的经典好莱坞电影。事实上这部拍摄于1952年的影片在好莱坞发展史中扮演着新旧两时期转折点的角色。《正午》中最明显异于传统好莱坞影片的莫过于对凯恩这个形象的塑造。传统西部片中的英雄形象往往代表着绝对的正义与公理，而凯恩在影片中却处在一个尴尬的境地。由于小镇居民不肯帮助这个曾经保卫他们的警长，使得凯恩的对立方不仅是恶棍，甚至还包括了小镇居民。影片对凯恩作了大量的心理描写，他开始思考自己的立场与行为，思考自己的何去何从。《正午》中塑造人物避免了过于类型化，对以往的警长形象也有了一定地颠覆，影片还放弃了西部片一贯的大团圆结局，选择了凯恩扔掉警徽离开小镇作为结束，增强了故事的客观性。 《正午》拍摄于1952年，而这恰是好莱坞黄金时期刚刚结束的时间，好莱坞随之进入了一段困顿的低潮期。直至上世纪的六、七十年代，随着西方社会后工业化、后社会化的愈演愈烈，新的社会艺术思潮泛滥。这些新思潮激荡着人们的思想，改变了人们对于艺术的欣赏取向和接受程度。电影的观众群体也发生了变化，经典好莱坞时期电影的风格已不能满足他们的观影需要了。四十年代的意大利新现实主义运动和五十年代的法国电影新浪潮冲击和影响了当时的美国影坛，加速了好莱坞电影的变化。于是以亚瑟•佩恩的《邦尼与克莱德》为代表的一批“新式”的影片应运而生，也拉开了新好莱坞时期的序幕。 新好莱坞时期描写人物的典型手法是，影片中的主人公不再是善恶分明的类型化人物，而是具有更加复杂的内心世界。新好莱坞注重人物的立体化与心理化，增加了影片的层次与深度。新好莱坞电影的叙事特点，即在继承好莱坞善于讲故事传统的基础上，将影片的故事纳入到广阔的社会背景中，为影片融入真实性与社会性，使好莱坞电影较之以前更加具有社会意义与深度。 新好莱坞电影还受到欧洲电影的深刻影响。商业电影艺术化、艺术电影商业化成为这一时期电影发展的一个趋势，许多欧洲艺术电影的处理方法被用于好莱坞电影中。 从经典时期到新时期，电影在好莱坞这块土地上经历了半个世纪的演变，无论是故事结构还是人物形象或是观念意识，都发生了巨大的变化。经典好莱坞时期的一套手法在当代已不能满足观众的需要，而更善于适应社会时代需要的新好莱坞电影却悄然占据了观众的视线。 从70年代到80年代的过渡时期，新好莱坞完成了自己的使命。近10年的时间，美国每年生产200部左右的影片，电影与电视争夺观众的竞争已达到平衡。电影保持着10到12亿的观众，并且有了自己的越来越广阔的海外市场。据1993年的统计证实，美国电影国内票房收入达52亿，发行收入26亿。视听产品的贸易顺差仅次于飞机制造出口业，为美国第二大行业。在全年世界银幕上上座率最高的10O部影片中美国影片占88部。 好莱坞电影通过自身的调整完成了向后工业时代的过渡，至今仍雄踞世界电影工业金字塔的顶端，显示出其强大的生命力。通过对好莱坞的全面考察，有助于我们对日常生活中电影的思考，有助于我们对自己的民族电影的判断。对一般观众来说，可以作为娱乐方式看待好莱坞电影；对电影创作者来说，可以学习好莱坞式商业电影独特的艺术形式的规则；对于制片人来说，可以从好莱坞式的商业规则中，学习好莱坞的电影理念和运作方式；而对理论家来说，可以通过对好莱坞特性的认识反思的历史和问题。考察好莱坞的电影史对于中国电影产业的发展，不可不说是有所裨益。

‘叁’ 美国电影史英文版

英译：For a long time, the United States only to the film as a means of entertainment to Hollywood as a story and fantasy proction factories, so first of all note that the movie business value. However, after 70 years, the American film has been great development in academic research. In 1967, both in Washington and Los Angeles have established the American Film Institute (AFI). Film Archive, throughout the United States, including important ones are the New York Museum of Modern Art, Rochester's Eastman Film Archive, the Library of Congress, Washington, Berkeley Pacific Film Archive. 8 large film company has disintegrated or converting 60 years after the
A large number of film and archives donated to the museum and the University Film Studies Center, the study of national film traditions, protect their heritage plays a significant role in the film.

By 1900, Hollywood has a post office, a newspaper, a hotel and two markets, its residents number 500. 100,000 population in Los Angeles in the city, 11 kilometers east. In Hollywood and Los Angeles have only a single-track tram. 1902 Hollywood hotel, now known as the first part of the opening. In 1903, here upgraded to the city's 177 voting residents of the right to vote unanimously endorsed by the "Hollywood," named after whom. That year under the two commands are: In addition to pharmacies in other stores outside the prohibition, and no amount of driving in the streets more than 200 cattle. 1904
A new so-called Hollywood Avenue streetcar opened, so that between the Hollywood and Los Angeles round-trip time significantly shortened. In 1910, Hollywood residents voted to join the Los Angeles. The reason is so that they can be in Los Angeles drinking water and access to adequate drainage facilities.
In 1907, director Francis Burgess led his crew arrived in Los Angeles, filming "Count of Monte Cristo." They found that, where beautiful natural scenery, plenty of light and suitable climate is the natural place for filming. The early 1910s, director David Griffith Biograph company was sent to the West Coast to make a film, he took Lillian Gish, Mary-bi g-fu and other actors came to Los Angeles. They were then looking for a new site, so proceed north, came a warm small town, and that is Hollywood. Biograph company found here in good condition
So back to New York before they filmed several movies. Graally many people in the instry know that invaluable piece of land, to the increasing number of Hollywood movie crew, the U.S. film instry moved to Hollywood's big movement started, Hollywood movies have to be forward.
October 1911, a group from New Jersey to film-makers on the ground that under the leadership of the photographer came to a small Inn called Bu Lang, they will rent the inn converted into a studio look. In this way, they created Hollywood's first film studio - Ernest Pictures.
Since then, many film companies settled in Hollywood, the famous film companies: MGM (Metro Goldwyn Mayer, called MGM), Paramount Pictures (Paramount Pictures, Inc.), Twentieth Century Fox (20th Century Fox), Warner Bros. (Warner Brothers), RKO (Radio Keith Orpheum, referred to as RKO), Universal (Universal), United Artists Corporation (United Artists), Columbia Pictures (Columbia Pictures).

【中文】
关于美国电影
长期以来，美国只把电影看作是娱乐手段，把好莱坞当成生产故事和幻想的工厂，因此首先注意影片的商业价值。但是，70年代前后，美国电影学术研究有了很大的发展。1967年，在华盛顿和洛杉矶两地成立了美国电影研究院（AFI）。电影资料馆遍布全美，其中重要的有纽约现代艺术博物馆、罗切斯特的伊斯曼电影数据馆、华盛顿国会图书馆、伯克利太平洋电影资料馆等。8大影片公司于60年代先后解体或转产之后，影片和档案大量捐赠给上述资料馆和各大学的电影研究中心，对研究本国电影传统、保护本国电影文物起着很大作用。

二十世纪的好莱坞：到1900年，好莱坞已经有一间邮局、一张报纸、一座旅馆和两个市场，其居民数为500人。10万人口的洛杉矶位于市东11公里处。在好莱坞和洛杉矶间只有一条单轨的有轨电车。1902年，今天着名的好莱坞酒店的第一部分开业。1903年，此地升格为市，参加投票的177位有选举权的居民一致赞同以“好莱坞”为之命名。当年下的两条命令是：除药店外其他商店禁酒，及不准在街上驱赶数量多于200的牛群。1904年，一条新的被称为好莱坞大街的有轨电车开业，使好莱坞与洛杉矶间的往返时间大大缩短。1910年，好莱坞的居民投票决定加入洛杉矶。原因是这样他们可以通过洛杉矶取得足够的饮水和获得排水设施。
1907年，导演弗朗西斯·伯格斯带领他的摄制组来到洛杉矶，拍摄《基督山伯爵》。他们发现，这里明媚的自然风光、充足的光线和适宜的气候是拍摄电影的天然场所。1910年代初，导演大卫·格里菲斯被Biograph公司派到西海岸来拍电影，他带着丽莲·吉许、玛丽·璧克馥等演员来到了洛杉矶。他们后来想寻找一块新的地盘，于是向北出发，来到了一个热情的小镇，那就是好莱坞。Biograph公司发现此地条件不错，于是在回纽约前又陆续拍了好几部电影。渐渐许多业内人士都知道了这块宝地，到好莱坞的电影剧组越来越多，美国电影业移师好莱坞的大转移开始，好莱坞向成为电影之都迈进。
1911年10月，一批从新泽西来的电影工作者在当地以为摄影师的带领下，来到一家叫布朗杜的小客栈，他们将租到的客栈改装成一家电影公司的样子。这样，他们创建了好莱坞的第一家电影制片厂——内斯特影片公司。
从那以后，许多电影公司在好莱坞落户，着名的电影公司有：米高梅电影公司（Metro Goldwyn Mayer，简称MGM）、派拉蒙影业公司（Paramount Pictures, Inc.）、二十世纪福克斯公司（20th Century Fox）、华纳兄弟公司（Warner Brothers）、雷电华公司（Radio Keith Orpheum，简称RKO）、环球公司（Universal）、联美公司（United Artists）、哥伦比亚影业公司（Columbia Pictures）。

‘肆’ 要欧洲电影发展史，在线等

欧洲是电影的发源地，在世界电影史上曾写下光辉灿烂的篇章。一代代的欧洲电影工作者凭着对电影艺术的执着追求，向世人奉献了举不胜数的传世佳作。一代代的欧洲电影工作者凭着对电影艺术的执着追求，向世人奉献了举不胜数的传世佳作。

1.首先将声音、色彩运用于电影
2. 率先使用了宽银幕

3.每一次兴起概念电影的重要组成部分: 超现实主义电影运动。（所众周知，1928年西班牙人路易斯布努艾尔的那部24分钟的短片《一条安达鲁狗》中刀片切割人眼球、口中长出头发等的怪异镜头，开创了超现实主义电影的先河）

4.新浪潮电影的根据地。

这些技术和风格上的电影革命从根本上改变了电影的最初面貌，而使之成为一门艺术，时至今日，欧洲的电影人们仍在孜孜不倦地对第七艺术--电影做出不可磨灭的贡献。

目前市面上很难见到那些欧洲电影大师级人物的作品，不过每当谈起这些响当当的名字：英格玛.伯格曼、阿伦.雷乃、费德里科.费里尼、安东尼奥尼、弗郎索瓦.特吕弗、赖纳.沃纳.法斯宾德，许多影友便禁不住眉飞色舞。

新浪潮，肯定首先想到的是法国五、六十年代的作品，由克罗德夏布罗尔、弗郎索瓦特吕弗、让吕克戈尔达和埃立克罗迈尔这几位《电影手册》杂志的编辑掀起的这场电影新浪潮，从1958年到1962虽说持续时间不算长，但对整个世界电影却产生了巨大影响。

这期间的代表作品是：特吕弗的《胡作非为》（即《四百下》）、戈达尔的《精疲力尽》等。

随即响应这股汹涌浪潮的欧洲导演多达100多号子，如“左岸派”的代表人物阿仑雷乃（《广岛之恋》）阿涅斯瓦尔达以及德国电影奇才法斯宾德（《水手奎莱尔》），也有科班出身的路易马勒（《再见孩子》、《爱情重伤》）等以及一些鱼龙混杂之人。

作为一场运动，新浪潮只是昙花一现便很快消失了，不过它的影响却改变了以后的两代电影人，如今这股当年被视为无政府主义的风潮再次席卷了法国乃至欧洲电影圈，新生代的电影家们向七八十年代回避现实与回归“优质电影”的倾向提出的挑战。

与卢克贝松（反映退缩到大海深处孤独生活的《碧海情》）、让雅克阿诺（幽闭禁锢人性的教堂生活的《玫瑰的名字》）、卡拉克斯（无人的石桥下那永远不靠岸的漂泊爱情故事《新桥恋人》）等人的唯美主义和非人格化的意象色彩不同，以埃立克罗尚、科里科拉尔等人开创的电影新新浪潮，回归过去雷诺阿时代的现实主义传统，不仅时代鲜明，而且没有花哨的摄影技巧，靠的是以人性在现实中的真实体现打动观众。

1989年的《冷酷祭典》如一股清风吹入影坛，这部荣获威尼斯、凯撒最佳女主角、多伦多影评人大奖的影片，描述的是两位个性很强的女性，由于都曾有过被迫杀人的经历而结识到成为好朋友，然而现实中并非如她们所意愿地发展，直至在作保姆的主人家里迸发出所有激情。

另外一部代表作品就是92年的《疯狂夜》，这部编导兼主演本人因爱滋病死去的反映当今爱滋病时代的真实见证的影片激情四溢，无论从电影史上还是社会学角度而言，均堪称里程碑，因为它是第一次直面爱滋病患者的真实生活并以其独特的魅力改变着社会对爱滋病及其患者的态度。 95年的《仇恨》和《诱饵》（新鲜诱惑）都属于这类取材于社会、更接近观众的影片，不过这股新新浪潮的影片对整体电影业发展和社会现状是否有好处，排除艺术本身的因素不谈，现在还很难作出结论。 95年的《仇恨》和《诱饵》（新鲜诱惑）都属于这类取材于社会、更接近观众的影片，不过这股新新浪潮的影片对整体电影业发展和社会现状是否有好处，排除艺术本身的因素不谈，现在还很难作出结论。

现在翻回去来看看戈达尔的名作《精疲力尽》，影片描写一个四处为非作歹的强盗在一个americangirl的帮助下躲避警方的追捕，最后还是被她告发，死于警察的枪口之下。现在翻回去来看看戈达尔的名作《精疲力尽》，影片描写一个四处为非作歹的强盗在一个american girl的帮助下躲避警方的追捕，最后还是被她告发，死于警察的枪口之下。 影片之所以轰动是因为：“它从一个新的视角观察人生，表现了人的行为的随意性、无目的性以及人际关系的冷漠，而且它还表现出对传统电影规范和陈旧的技术法则的蔑视与背离，采用灵活的叙事方式、画面格式与跳接等大胆技巧”。影片之所以轰动是因为：“它从一个新的视角观察人生，表现了人的行为的随意性、无目的性以及人际关系的冷漠，而且它还表现出对传统电影规范和陈旧的技术法则的蔑视与背离，采用灵活的叙事方式、画面格式与跳接等大胆技巧”。

特吕弗的《胡作非为》早于同年的《精疲力尽》，这小子是靠大量观摩电影而“自学成才”的导演，与他经历极为相似的导演就是美国鬼才昆汀.塔伦蒂诺，据说昆汀在导演《黑色小说》之前，每天要看上五六部电影。特吕弗的《胡作非为》早于同年的《精疲力尽》，这小子是靠大量观摩电影而“自学成才”的导演，与他经历极为相似的导演就是美国鬼才昆汀.塔伦蒂诺，据说昆汀在导演《黑色小说》之前，每天要看上五六部电影。1959年的这部影片描述13岁少年杜瓦尔在学校、家庭和社会均得不到温暖的情况下，屡次出逃并最终走上犯罪道路。 1959年的这部影片描述13岁少年杜瓦尔在学校、家庭和社会均得不到温暖的情况下，屡次出逃并最终走上犯罪道路。有传闻说这部影片是特吕弗的自传体，如同《黑色小说》是昆汀这个小混混的自我写照、《阳光灿烂日子》是姜文和王朔的儿时一般，它胜在以朴素的纪实风格、浓厚的生活气息、细腻的心理揭示及实景拍摄、摄影机连续运动、长镜头的恰当使用等艺术创新手法上，它也使得特吕弗首次拍长片便获得了戛纳影展最佳导演奖，真的同昆汀与他的《黑色小说》如出一辙。有传闻说这部影片是特吕弗的自传体，如同《黑色小说》是昆汀这个小混混的自我写照、《阳光灿烂日子》是姜文和王朔的儿时一般，它胜在以朴素的纪实风格、浓厚的生活气息、细腻的心理揭示及实景拍摄、摄影机连续运动、长镜头的恰当使用等艺术创新手法上，它也使得特吕弗首次拍长片便获得了戛纳影展最佳导演奖，真的同昆汀与他的《黑色小说》如出一辙。

再来看看德国的新浪潮，历史上德国影片一直不乏极为优秀的作品，1979年施隆多夫的《铁皮鼓》玩命获奖，使德国电影得到了世界公认。再来看看德国的新浪潮，历史上德国影片一直不乏极为优秀的作品，1979年施隆多夫的《铁皮鼓》玩命获奖，使德国电影得到了世界公认。德国电影新浪潮始于六十年代末，代表人物当首推Rainer WernerFassbinder（法斯宾德），这位英年早逝的电影奇才是“反戏剧剧院”流派的主要人物。德国电影新浪潮始于六十年代末，代表人物当首推Rainer Werner Fassbinder（法斯宾德），这位英年早逝的电影奇才是“反戏剧剧院”流派的主要人物。 1969年仅24岁的法斯宾德就以其处女作品《爱比死更冷》闻名于世，他不权是编剧、导演，而且还亲自上阵作主角，从其短暂的14年电影生涯共拍出41部影片来看，在世界电影史上都是极为罕见的，他畅导的“新德国电影”运动，直到今天以维姆文德斯为代表的德国电影人仍在发展壮大。 1969年仅24岁的法斯宾德就以其处女作品《爱比死更冷》闻名于世，他不权是编剧、导演，而且还亲自上阵作主角，从其短暂的14年电影生涯共拍出41部影片来看，在世界电影史上都是极为罕见的，他畅导的“新德国电影”运动，直到今天以维姆文德斯为代表的德国电影人仍在发展壮大。

法斯宾德最重要的两部作品是1979年的《玛丽娅布劳恩的婚姻》和1982年的绝笔之作《水手奎莱尔》，前者使德国电影打入了美国乃至世界市场，后者刚是一部情色经典，这所以说它是情色作品，是因为该片充满了同性恋、双性恋以及占有欲极强的中年妇人的乱伦行为。法斯宾德最重要的两部作品是1979年的《玛丽娅布劳恩的婚姻》和1982年的绝笔之作《水手奎莱尔》，前者使德国电影打入了美国乃至世界市场，后者刚是一部情色经典，这所以说它是情色作品，是因为该片充满了同性恋、双性恋以及占有欲极强的中年妇人的乱伦行为。这是一部表现主义作品，没有完整的叙事结构，事件之间也没有必然的因果关系，人物的行为既无动机，又无逻辑，整部影片象一篇用影像构成的寓言。这是一部表现主义作品，没有完整的叙事结构，事件之间也没有必然的因果关系，人物的行为既无动机，又无逻辑，整部影片像一篇用影像构成的寓言。“它是法斯宾德个人经历的写照，也是他构筑极端世界的模式：一个无爱的世界，人生活在这个世界中充满了争斗、欺诈、谋杀和性。”为表现这一世界，法斯宾德在整部影片当中都使用同一种颜色--橙色，这是一种表现色情的色彩，使观众产生一种压抑感，“好象进入地狱，使人透不过气来”。 “它是法斯宾德个人经历的写照，也是他构筑极端世界的模式：一个无爱的世界，人生活在这个世界中充满了争斗、欺诈、谋杀和性。”为表现这一世界，法斯宾德在整部影片当中都使用同一种颜色--橙色，这是一种表现色情的色彩，使观众产生一种压抑感，“好像进入地狱，使人透不过气来”。

文姆文德斯的作品近两年在大陆碟市上已经屡见不鲜，从〈德克萨斯州的巴黎〉（1984）到〈直到世界末日〉（1990）（3碟），从〈天使之翼〉（1987）到〈暴力启示录〉（1997）文德斯的成功证明了自己是当之无愧的当代德国电影代言人。文姆文德斯的作品近两年在大陆碟市上已经屡见不鲜，从〈德克萨斯州的巴黎〉（1984）到〈直到世界末日〉（1990）（3碟），从〈天使之翼〉（1987）到〈暴力启示录〉（1997）文德斯的成功证明了自己是当之无愧的当代德国电影代言人。 同时他也是获次数最多的德国导演，〈德州巴黎〉获戛纳金棕榈大奖，86-87年间的半纪录体影片〈柏林上空〉获戛纳影评人特别奖及欧洲电影节最佳影片大奖。同时他也是获次数最多的德国导演，〈德州巴黎〉获戛纳金棕榈大奖，86-87年间的半纪录体影片〈柏林上空〉获戛纳影评人特别奖及欧洲电影节最佳影片大奖。此外，〈天使之翼〉还被无耻的好莱坞在96年翻拍成〈天使之城〉（X情人）。此外，〈天使之翼〉还被无耻的好莱坞在96年翻拍成〈天使之城〉（X情人）。

‘伍’ 用英文介绍一下电影历史

早期无声片
软性电影
早期类型影片
费穆的“儒家电影”
传教电影
李香兰和“满映”电影
持摄影机的人们
先锋实验电影

自己翻译下

‘陆’ 求一篇电影发展史的作文，大学的，150字左右，要英文的急求！

The history of film spans over 100 years, from the latter part of the 19th century to the present day. Motion pictures developed graally from a carnival novelty to one of the most important tools of communication and entertainment, and mass media in the 20th century and into the 21st century. Most films before 1930 were silent. Motion picture films have substantially affected the arts, technology, and politics.
The cinema was invented ring the 1890s, ring what is now called the instrial revolution. It was considered a cheaper, simpler way to provide entertainment to the masses. Movies would become the most popular visual art form of the late Victorian age. It was simpler because of the fact that before the cinema people would have to travel long distances to see major dioramas or amusement parks. With the advent of the cinema this changed. During the first decade of the cinema's existence, inventors worked to improve the machines for making and showing films. The cinema is a complicated medium, and before it could be invented, several technological requirements had to be met

‘柒’ 英语电影 有关历史

近期的
百夫长Centurion (2010)
剧情
尹 胰 在公燥元117臣年，罗马试图端口入诸侵扦英迸国，跟随揩罗马赫争赫有泻名起的攀第楼九军攀团脂以及册军革团觉统帅“Virilus将臼军崖”箭远躲征英靖国的百喻夫瞎长昆图斯·哎迪牙亚斯馋（Quintus Dias），奉命瑟北上槽除掉丛匹谁克燃特族瞩人首臻领Gorlacon，墨并服将该棉族榴人狱斩滞尽刮杀伸绝。亩不过在茎匹克特雍人偷袭绷中，该忘军团全贯军癸覆灭，滁只有昆枚图斯·迪亚蹭斯椿得以幸存。投而欧嘉·柯诲瑞附兰寇饰骨演蹲的鹰艾嘘泰恩，因庸为与全家企被瓤罗勘马惭人杀害，她自惋己厦也被割掉了掀舌茹头，颐从而窑和昆嘘图斯典·迪缄亚斯一挚起走上了饿复仇办之路瓮。

分手信Dear John (2010)
剧情
影片改编自“美式纯爱系小说天王”尼古拉斯·斯帕克斯的小说，战争的创痛、爱情的心碎、成长的代价——种种际遇娓娓道来。

奇袭60阵地Beneath Hill 60 (2010)
剧情
奥利弗伍德沃德的非凡真实故事。这是1916年，德沃德泪别他的年轻女友，从军前往西部前线，其间还要穿越德国阵地。德沃德和他的团队从事秘密隧道工事，铺设炸药。他们的努力将改变战争的进程。

特殊关系The Special Relationship (2010)
剧情
影片聚焦的是1997年至2000年期间，当时的英国首相托尼·布莱尔与当时的美国总统比尔·克林顿之间的“亲密联系”。

国王的演讲The King's Speech (2010)
剧情
这部讲述伊丽莎白二世的父亲乔治六世国王生平的传记电影，在开拍伊始就被看好成为2011年各大奖项的种子选手。

公众之敌Public Enemies (2009)
剧情
在上世纪30年代的大萧条中，约翰·迪林格和同伙抢遍了美国的中西部银行，联邦调查局探员茂文·普维斯誓要将其捉拿归案。

本人非常推荐的
父辈的旗帜Flags of Our Fathers (2006)
剧情
改编自詹姆斯·布拉德利所着的小说《父辈的旗帜：硫黄岛战役的英雄们》，影片最值得关注的是伊斯特伍德怎样去展示“敌人”的故事

拯救大兵瑞恩Saving Private Ryan (1998)
剧情
当百万大军登陆诺曼底海滩时，一小队由约翰·米勒中尉（汤姆·汉克斯饰演）率领的美军士兵却深入敌区，冒着生命危险拯救一名士兵詹姆斯·雷恩（麦特·戴蒙饰演）。詹姆斯·雷恩是家中四兄弟的老幺，他的三名兄长都在这次战役中相继阵亡。美国作战总指挥部的将领为了不让这位不幸的母亲再承受丧子之痛，决定派一支特别小分队，将她仅存的儿子安全地救出战区。

风语者Windtalkers (2002)
剧情
二战中，纳瓦霍文被用作为最高机密的密码，因为日本军队没法解破它，因此保护纳瓦霍士兵加尔成了美国海军上尉乔的重要任务。

辛德勒的名单Schindler's List (1993)
剧情
德国投机商人辛德勒为了赚钱，在自己的工厂中使用廉价的犹太人。面对纳粹的屠杀，辛德勒开始想法保护尽可能多的犹太人。

肖申克的救赎The Shawshank Redemption (1994)
剧情
故事发厦生在1947匙年，橡银测行家倪安迪被篡当作假杀衙害妻仗子趾与悔情夫授的毡兇手送旗上斥法庭，犊安淋迪被竹判谓无期杉徙端刑根，纠这熔意赤味印着二他将狈在敢肖诣恩克监狱中渡郁过劈余生。

‘捌’ 中国电影发展史的英文介绍

An introction of the history of Chinese films in English.
中国电影发展史的英文介绍

‘玖’ 求一篇600字左右英文的商业电影概念和起源、发展。

中国商业电影一个是品质问题一个是模式问题,我觉的像现在的导演,大陆拍商业片的恐怕只有冯小刚算是个半成功的了,不能说全成功是因为他的风格似乎总是过于局限,而电影受众也过于局限,像别的导演,多半文艺片出生,要么现在索性就是文艺片的市场,总是听见某某在国外拿了奖,拿到内地来同样没什么票房.
中国现在的商业片不成气候,撑死了那么几个导演那么几个编剧,而且碍于社会主义好的原则,很多题材都不能拍,也没有那么多的资金来弄.
像我在大学里开音像店,很多印度留学生,且不说这个国家如何,人的素质如何.人家还就是比我们的国人要爱电影,即使老是操着一口发音奇怪的英语来问某某片子,可是电影俨然成为人家生活的一部分.
像现在国内还没有一个统一的电影基地,而电影的编制原则也太过于僵化,哪里有哪个编剧就要一直编剧的,一个好的编剧一辈子就吃死了那么一本好剧本,别的全垃圾还要拿出来拍什么商业大片,搞到最后都是靠媒体优势来拿的票房.
中国商业电影的模式如果一直如此单一,恐怕走不长远.
盼望有好片子诞生,也只怕一直都只能成为一个梦想了.

翻译：
China's commercial film is a quality problem is to model a problem, I feel like now the director of the mainland will only be a commercial movie to be half the success of Feng Xiaogang, and can not say that the whole success is because of his style always seemed too restrictive, while the Film audiences are too limited, like other directors, most artistic film, was born, or is simply a market that is an artistic film, always heard so and so took a prize in foreign countries, to get the same little box office mainland.
China's current commercial films do not come into vogue several directors Chengsi so just a handful of writers, but also because of the good principles of socialism, many subjects can not be beat, nor so much money to get.
As I opened video stores in the university, many Indian students, not to mention how this country, people's qualities. People also is to love people than our movies, even if always, speaking in a strange pronunciation of English to ask a of a film, but the film has become an integral part of life people.
As now there is not a unified national film base, the establishment of the principle of the film is also too rigid and, where there is what writers should have been a screenwriter, a good scriptwriter eat dead life so a good script, do not all garbage to film would be set aside large tracts of what the business, got to the last are the advantages of relying on the media to come and collect at the box office.
Chinese commercial films has always been the case if a single model, I am afraid to go a long-term.
Looking forward to the birth of good films, but also I'm afraid they have been can only be a dream.

‘拾’ 英文电影发展史

这个也太有难度了吧，非得专业人士不行啊，建议你还是直接娶你老师那边索要得了，呵呵，大不了请吃顿饭完事！