當前位置:首頁 » 英文電影 » 英文電影發展歷程

英文電影發展歷程

發布時間: 2023-01-01 12:58:37

『壹』 幫忙找電影發展史的英語版本,萬分感謝

History of Motion Pictures
I INTRODUCTION

History of Motion Pictures, historical development of the visual medium known as motion pictures, film, cinema, or the movies. This article covers the medium』s history as a technology, as a business, as an art form, and as a means of delivering entertainment and information to audiences in theaters and at home. It discusses major filmmakers and their films, principal fiction and nonfiction genres, and film instries in the United States and throughout the world. For more information on the technical aspects involved in creating a film, see Motion Picture.

II ORIGINS

In the early 19th century scientists took note of a visual phenomenon: A sequence of indivial still pictures, when set in motion, can give the illusion of movement. These scientists attributed this experience to what they called persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a visual image for a fraction of a second after the source has been removed. The eye』s retention of a visual image, now known as positive afterimage, has long been considered a founding principle of motion pictures, even though its relationship to the perception of motion is still not well understood.

A Early Experiments

The persistence of vision concept stimulated experimentation with motion-picture devices throughout the 19th century. Among the first such devices was a slotted disk with a sequence of drawings around its perimeter. When a person spun the disk in front of a mirror and looked through the slots, the drawings appeared to move. The zoetrope, a device developed in the 1830s, was a hollow drum with a strip of pictures around its inner surface. When spun, it proced the same effect. In the 1870s French inventor Émile Reynaud improved on this idea by placing mirrors at the center of the drum. A few years later he developed a projecting version, using a reflector and a lens to enlarge the moving images. In 1892 he began holding public screenings in Paris at his Théâtre Optique, with hundreds of drawings on a reel that he wound through his apparatus to construct moving images that continued for 15 minutes.

Inventors began to conceive of combining the principles of these moving-image devices with the photographic recording of actual movement soon after the development of still photography in the 1830s. The most famous experiment occurred in the 1870s in California, where railroad tycoon Leland Stanford hired British photographer Eadweard Muybridge to settle a bet on whether a galloping horse ever had all four feet off the ground. Muybridge set up 12 cameras along a racetrack and spread threads across the track with a contact to each camera』s shutter. Moving along the track, the horse broke the threads and caused a sequence of photographs to be taken. The photos showed the horse with all four feet off the ground, and Muybridge went on a lecture tour showing his photographs on a moving-image device he called the zoopraxiscope.

Muybridge』s endeavors stimulated French scientist Étienne-Jules Marey to devise equipment for recording and analyzing animal and human movement. He built what he called a chronophotographic camera that could take multiple images superimposed on one another. His work was aided in turn by developments in photographic materials. In 1885 American inventor George Eastman introced sensitized paper roll 「film」 in place of the indivial glass plates then in use. In 1889 Eastman replaced the paper roll with celluloid, a synthetic plastic material coated with a gelatin emulsion.

B Thomas Alva Edison and William K. L. Dickson

Legendary American inventor Thomas Alva Edison drew upon the work of Muybridge, Marey, and Eastman when he turned his attention to motion pictures in the late 1880s. In his laboratories in West Orange, New Jersey, Edison assigned to a British employee, William K. L. Dickson, the task of constructing a machine for recording actual movement on film and another machine for viewing the resulting images. By 1891 Dickson had proced a motion-picture camera, called the Kinetograph, and a viewing machine, bbed the Kinetoscope.

The Kinetograph was operated by an electric motor that moved the celluloid film roll past the camera lens. Motor-driven cameras, which were bulky and stationary, were soon replaced by movable hand-cranked cameras. Dickson』s key contribution was a sprocket mechanism linked to the camera』s shutter, which momentarily stopped the film roll for each exposure. These separate still photographic images came to be called frames. Early cameras used a number of different speeds for exposing frames, but by the advent of sound film in the late 1920s the standard had become 24 frames per second.

In early 1893 Edison constructed a motion-picture studio on his laboratory grounds, bbed the Black Maria by his staff who thought it resembled police patrol wagons known by that nickname. On May 9, 1893, he held the first public exhibition of films shot using the Kinetograph in the Black Maria. But only one person at a time could use his viewing machine, the Kinetoscope. This boxlike structure contained a motor-and-shutter mechanism similar to the camera』s. It ran a loop of positive film past an electric light source, illuminating a tiny image, which the viewer observed through a small window. Kinetoscope viewing parlors containing many machines for indivial viewing began to open in cities in 1894. Edison and Dickson apparently gave little thought to a single machine that could project moving images to a large audience, something Reynaud had achieved in his Théâtre Optique. Reynaud, however, had displayed drawings rather than images photographed by a motion-picture camera.

C The Lumière Brothers

In France, the brothers Auguste and Louis Lumière, who ran a factory in Lyons that manufactured photographic equipment, sought to improve on Edison』s accomplishment. By 1895 they developed a lightweight, hand-held camera that used a claw mechanism to advance the film roll. They named it the Cinématographe, and they soon discovered that it could also be used to show large images on a screen, when linked with projecting equipment. Throughout 1895 they shot films and projected them for select groups. Their first screening for the general public was held in Paris in December 1895.

Elsewhere other inventors were also busy. In Germany, the brothers Emil and Max Skladanowsky devised an apparatus and projected films in Berlin in November 1895. In Britain, a machine developed by Birt Acres and Robert W. Paul was used to project films in London in January 1896. In the United States, a projector called the Vitascope was constructed around the same time by Charles Francis Jenkins and Thomas Armat. Armat then entered into a commercial alliance with Edison to manufacture the Vitascope, and the device exhibited projected motion pictures in New York City in April 1896.

The Lumière brothers held a unique place among all these simultaneous efforts, since they were innovative filmmakers as well as inventors and manufacturers. The many films they made ring 1895 and 1896, though very short, are considered pivotal in the history of motion pictures. Arroseur et arrosé (Waterer and Watered, 1896), a brief comedy drawn from a newspaper cartoon, shows a gardener getting drenched with a hose as the result of a boy』s prank. La sortie de l』usine Lumière à Lyon (Workers Leaving the Lumiere Factory, 1895) and Arrivée d』un train en gare (Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat, 1896), which shows a train coming to a station and passengers getting off, were among the so-called actuality films—films that depicted actual events rather than a story told by actors—for which the Lumières became noted.

III ONE-REELERS

During the decade following the advent of projected motion pictures, films were shown as part of vaudeville or variety programs, at carnivals and fairgrounds, in lecture halls and churches, and graally in spaces converted for the exclusive exhibition of movies. Most films ran no longer than 10 to 12 minutes, which reflected the amount of film that could be wound on a standard reel for projection (hence the term one-reelers). Many were comedies or actualities, following the Lumière brothers』 example. Their purpose was spectacle—to show something astounding, unusual, titillating, or perhaps newsworthy. But filmmakers also struck out in new directions, especially toward fantasy and narrative.

French magician and filmmaker Georges Méliès was the outstanding creator of fantasy films in early cinema. Méliès exploited the new medium to enhance his magic acts through techniques such as stop-motion photography—interrupting the camera』s action and moving or substituting people and objects—so that, for example, a woman appeared to turn into a skeleton. He created elaborate backdrops with multiple scenes and costume changes for these so-called trick films that were widely emulated by other filmmakers. Of the hundreds of works he made between 1896 and 1912, perhaps the best-known is Le voyage dans la lune (A Trip to the Moon, 1902), which in one scene features the animated human face of the moon being struck in the eye by a rocket.

In the United States, a former projectionist and traveling exhibitor, Edwin S. Porter, took charge of motion-picture proction at Edison』s company in 1901 and began making longer films that told a story. As with Méliès』s films, these required multiple shots that could be edited into a narrative sequence. Porter』s most notable film—and the most famous work of early cinema—was The Great Train Robbery (1903), which is credited with establishing movies as a commercial entertainment medium. With its rapid shifts of location, including action on a moving train, this film offered spectators a breadth and immediacy of vision that became hallmarks of the cinema experience.

Spurred by The Great Train Robbery and subsequent story films, film exhibition greatly expanded in the United States around 1905. One phenomenon was the proliferation of nickelodeon theaters, converted storefronts in instrial cities that charged 5 cents for admission and attracted working-class audiences. Demand from these theaters increased the volume of film proction and the profits for procers, but it also brought forth criticism from reformers concerning unsanitary or unsafe conditions in theaters and immoral subject matter in films. In 1908 Edison took the lead in establishing the Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC), a consortium of procers with common goals: controlling proction and distribution so as to eliminate cheap theaters, raising admission prices, cooperating with censorship bodies, and preventing film stock from getting into the hands of nonmember procers. However, the independent procers excluded from the MPPC continued to obtain materials and make the most popular films. They also led the way toward multireel, feature-length films. By 1915 the MPPC was under attack by the U.S. government as an illegal monopoly (although an ineffectual one), and the independents were combining into the companies that would dominate American filmmaking for decades to come.

IV SILENT MOVIES

With a few experimental exceptions, motion pictures from their earliest days until the late 1920s lacked synchronous sound (sound that matches the action). But silent movies were rarely silent. Early films almost always were projected with piano or organ accompaniment, and sometimes also with a narrator or live actors behind the screen. As feature-length films (four reels, with a running time of 40 to 50 minutes or more) became the norm in the 1910s, live orchestras began to play in larger theaters, frequently using music written specifically for the film.

Until World War I (1914-1918) European filmmakers dominated the world film market. France was considered the leading film-procing country, though Italy, Denmark, and other countries also played a significant role. However, the war, fought on European soil, disrupted commercial filmmaking there. With a sudden drop in European film exports, some regions, such as Latin America, experienced a brief surge in film proction. But U.S. companies soon took over markets overseas, using the same tactics of high-volume proction and lower prices that the Europeans had. By the 1920s some three-quarters of films screened around the world came from the United States.

A American Silent Movies

Even before the war, the United States had made its mark on the world filmmaking scene with epics and comedies. Moreover, U.S. moviemakers had begun to congregate in southern California in the Los Angeles suburb of Hollywood (see The Move to Hollywood, below), creating a film community apart from older urban centers of politics and the arts, and a magical new symbol for popular entertainment and glamour.

A1 D. W. Griffith

The work of D. W. Griffith exemplifies the transformation of motion pictures from the early days of one-reelers to an era of Hollywood』s worldwide dominance. Starting out as an actor in films directed by Edwin S. Porter, Griffith in 1908 became a director at the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company in New York City. He was initially responsible for turning out two one-reel films a week, and between 1908 and 1913 he directed nearly 500 films. Amidst this breakneck schele, he and his co-workers developed many of the cinema』s basic storytelling conventions: moving the camera close to the action, using many separate shots, and editing the shots to cut back and forth among different actions. All these techniques served to shape a narrative, rather than present a spectacle as earlier films had tended to do. Griffith also nurtured performers such as Mary Pickford and Lillian Gish and emphasized an intimate, restrained style of acting suitable for camera close-ups.

Leaving Biograph in 1913 to make full-length features, Griffith planned a historical epic of the American Civil War (1861-1865). The Birth of a Nation (1915), three hours in length, stunned audiences with its dazzling spectacle of a still-recent event and established motion pictures as an art form for cultured spectators. Yet the film』s racist presumptions—specifically, its defense of white supremacy to protect racial purity—was controversial in its own time and remains repugnant decades later. Griffith made another epic, Intolerance (1916), which intertwined four stories about victims of prejudice, and continued to work as an independent filmmaker into the 1920s. Eventually, financial pressures forced him to become a director at a Hollywood studio, and he made his last film in 1931.

字數限制,沒辦法全發給你,如需要請留言。

『貳』 好萊塢最主要的三個歷史時期是

好萊塢電影自誕生後不久就在國際上占據了重要的地位,時至今日已成為世界電影工業的霸主,活躍於世界的每一個角落。縱觀好萊塢發展史,好萊塢電影美學風格在上世紀的六、七十年代有一次較大的變化,在此之前可以稱為經典好萊塢時期,而之後則可成為新好萊塢時期。 第一次世界大戰結束以後十年中間,對於美國電影而言,乃是一個征服全世界的興盛時期。外國影片在美國兩萬家電影院的上映節目中已經完全消滅。在世界各國,美國影片占著上映節目60~90%的優勢,每年約有兩億美元被用來生產800多部影片。電影方面的投資超過15億美元,這樣大的資金使電影事業在美國成了一種大規模的工業,在資本上可以與製造汽車、罐頭、鋼鐵、石油、紙煙這些美國最大的工業相比擬。派拉蒙、勞烏、福斯、米高梅、環球這些大製片公司,支配著影片的生產以及全世界影片的上映和發行。它們和華爾街的金融巨頭如柯恩·洛埃伯銀行、通用汽車公司、杜邦·德·奈莫爾、摩根、洛克菲勒等密切地結合在一起。 自從格里菲斯失勢之後,金融資本家所重視的已不是導演,而是電影明星。後者成了製片公司的一種工具或者商標。從這時起,影片的真正主人是製片人,也就是那些被華爾街的銀行家所賞識與選定的企業家。電影導演和照明技師、攝影師、布景設計師一樣,只不過是每周領取一定報酬的受雇者而已。製片人利用解除合同這種暗中威脅的辦法,把導演過去所掌握的大部分實權,如對主題、明星和技師的選擇、劇本和蒙太奇的仔細推敲、布景和服裝的監督等等,全部奪取過去。 這樣一來,製片人便成了決定藝術成敗的一切因素的主人。他最關切的乃是怎樣多賺錢,他的董事會也只根據影片的利潤率來估量他的價值。因此攝制影片完全以票房收入為指導原則。他們對獨立的影評家的評論,滿不放在眼中,而事實上,這種影評在美國當時可說幾乎全未存在。 但製片人自己只在幕後指揮一切。在好萊塢露面的乃是電影明星,而「明星制度」也成為好萊塢征服世界的基礎。觀眾對電影明星的崇拜是用幾百萬張簽名的照片來維持的,廣告和宣傳在這些偶像周圍創造一種傳奇的氣氛。明星的戀愛、離婚以及他們所使用的化妝品、住宅、他們喜愛的動物,在某些國家成了一般人關心和津津樂道的題材。「明星制度」甚至使魯道夫·范倫鐵諾、瑪麗·璧克馥、道格拉斯·范朋克、格洛麗亞·史璜遜、華萊士·雷德、約翰·基爾伯特、梅·茂萊、瑙爾瑪·塔爾麥琦等人變成了真正被崇拜的偶像。 一些有名的宗教團體對這種競爭深感不安。清教徒對好萊塢展開了一起起攻擊,這些攻擊又因一些明星醜事的傳播(如:華萊士·雷德因吸毒和酗酒而身死,某一舞女在有胖明星亞布克爾參加的一次宴會上遭到了謀殺,以及某些明星曾犯謀殺或因戀愛犯罪等等),而變得更加猛烈。 此時資本家成立了一個名叫「美國製片人與發行人協會」的機構,這個機構是由一個虔誠的清教徒、共和黨領袖威廉·海斯負責組織起來的。按照海斯的說法,電影變成了旅行商人,「商品跟在影片後面,凡是美國影片深入的地方,我們一定能夠銷售更多的美國貨物」。 當好萊塢了解到這種國際使命時,美國某些明星扮演的人物也發生了變化。道格拉斯·范朋克在「三角影片公司」時曾幽默地扮演一個強壯、天真、樂觀、為女人所喜愛的美國英雄,但到後來卻在墨西哥的《佐羅的標記》、法國的《三個火槍手》、英國的《羅賓漢》、東方的《巴格達竊賊》及《黑海盜》中變成一個不可戰勝的大力士,一個無所畏懼和無可指責的騎士和保衛正義而且總是獲得勝利的人。隨著年歲的增長,范朋克日益喜好巨大的布景、極端的豪華和神秘的力量。 拒絕把自己附屬於明星的導演為數可說極少。隨著好萊塢的建立,電影先驅人物不是日趨沒落就是銷聲匿跡。托馬斯·英斯已經故世;麥克·塞納特雖然還在繼續攝制一些優良的作品,但他的聲譽卻並未因此增長;至於格里菲斯此時則正在逐漸走下坡路。標志格里菲斯登峰造極的作品,在美國乃是他的《一個國家的誕生》,在歐洲乃是他的《被摧殘的花朵》,在電影藝術方面則是《黨同伐異》。但是,商業上的失敗終於註定了格里菲斯的悲慘命運。這位被列入製片廠黑名單的偉大藝術家,在他以後殘余的二十幾年生命中,再也沒有機會導演一部影片了。好萊塢的拜金主義把它的創始人都毀滅了。 格里菲斯的沒落,正好和西席·地密爾的興隆形成鮮明的對照。後者的庸俗的商人氣息和浮誇的作風,成了好萊塢影片四十年以來的特徵。他拍了各種樣式的影片,從浮華喜劇《男性和女性》和其他由格洛麗亞·史璜遜主演的影片,一直到場面豪華的反蘇宣傳片《伏爾加的船夫》和反對無神論的鬧劇片《不信上帝的少女》(片中有對兒童監獄的傑出描寫),凡是能夠賺錢的影片,他都加以攝制。地密爾最成功的作品是一些帶有濃厚游藝場氣氛的大型片,在這些大型片中,地密爾除了取材於聖經上的故事以外,還加進了一些色情的描寫。好萊塢給他一筆格里菲斯所得不到的資金來攝制場面浩大的影片《十誡》和《萬王之王》。地密爾由於承襲了義大利電影的老傳統,結果成了最能賣座的商業性影片的導演之一。弗萊德·尼勃羅模仿他的例子,替高德溫和梅育拍了一部叫做《賓虛傳》的巨片,這部影片花去了600萬美元的攝制費,雖然風行一時,可是收入卻不過400萬美元。 好萊塢這個驟然之間交了紅運的城市,具有暴發戶們的那種低級趣味,他們建造的豪華的別墅,硬把羅馬的露天劇場和洛可可式的堡壘,天主教的大教堂和摩天大樓結合在一起。這種建築上東拼西湊的誇張趣味連同那種說教式的象徵趣味,在根據勃拉斯哥·伊巴涅茲的原作改編的影片《啟示錄四騎士》里表現得最為突出。這部由雷克斯·英格蘭姆導演、使范倫鐵諾因此成為明星的超級影片在上映收入上打破了紀錄。英格蘭姆在其他影片中——例如在無聲電影末期他將結束電影生涯時在尼斯攝制的那些影片中——也顯示出這種講究形式的作法。 好萊塢在成為國際上的強大勢力以後,它攝制的題材也變成國際化了。在它最賣座的無聲片中,以美國為背景的為數很少。在這些影片中,只有詹姆斯·克魯茲導演的那部極著名的《篷車》直接取材於美國歷史,是一部歌頌開拓西部地區者的史詩。 西部片由於托馬斯·英斯和W.S.哈特的功勞,曾提高到藝術的水平,但此時的西部片,除了象約翰·福特的《鐵騎》這樣極例外的影片以外,又變成了一種廉價影片的同義語,由一些專門迎合平民觀眾的導演和無名的演員粗製濫造地攝制出來。美國電影這種「失去本國特性」的傾向成了極其普遍的趨勢。亨利·金雖然還能按照托馬斯·英斯和格里菲斯的傳統,導演了一部完美的、描寫美國地方生活的影片《孝子大衛》,可是人們不但不鼓勵他沿著這一方向前進,反而導使他去攝制一些流行的言情小說(如《史泰拉恨史》),或者象他以後在羅馬攝制的那些影片那樣,向著義大利那種場面巨大的影片方向去發展(如《羅莫拉》、《白修女》等)。 由於金融資本的國際聯合、審查制度的嚴格、流行小說被有系統地搬上銀幕、明星制度、專為賣座的打算和製片人的拜金主義這些原因,使得美國電影藝術日趨貧乏,這種貧乏和物質的豐富相形之下,顯得更為突出。但美國電影中至少還存在著一個作品豐富的喜劇學派和幾部例外的作品,這些影片幾乎都是由外國籍的導演攝制出來的。萊昂斯·彼雷給美國人培植了對浮華喜劇的愛好,加斯尼埃則是系列影片的創造者之一。除這兩人以外,還可以舉出肖塔爾、阿爾倍·卡普拉尼,以及協助卓別林導演《巴黎一婦人》的阿巴迪·達拉斯特。 1920年以後,好萊塢為了打倒它的競爭者,大量吸收外國籍的優秀導演和演員前往美國。 莫里茨·斯蒂勒帶著葛麗泰·嘉寶來到美國。但他專門為從德國來的演員波拉·尼格麗和強寧斯導演影片。他導演的《帝國旅館》和《罪惡之街》這兩部影片,無論在藝術上或商業上來說,都不是很成功的作品。與斯蒂勒相反,嘉寶在美國卻大走紅運。這位著名的女悲劇演員,確實是好萊塢一棵搖錢樹,同時也給好萊塢的攝影棚帶來了藝術。廣告宣傳使嘉寶成了傳奇式的人物。她所主演的影片片名本身就具有一種宣傳性質,如:《誘惑的女人》、《肉與魔》、《仙女下凡》、《神秘夫人》、《野蘭花》、《接吻》等等。她在傳奇式的故事中表現了歷史上最著名的多情女子。 除了嘉寶以外,斯堪的納維亞半島的移民,對好萊塢幾乎沒有帶來什麼貢獻。但從德國來的移民,特別是斯特勞亨、劉別謙、馮·斯登堡,卻對美國電影有很大的貢獻。歐洲電影的示範作用,使幾個美國導演傾向於攝制一些藝術性超過商業性的影片。他們之中有幾個確實達到了藝術的水平。有聲電影興起的前夕,美國出現了一批有才能的新電影導演,這些導演在某種程度上開始接替了先驅者的地位。 好萊塢在它歷史上最繁榮時期,它的電影先驅者和歐洲最偉大的電影藝術家,與其說是加以利用,毋寧說是加以排斥。隨著好萊塢的世界霸權的建立,它大部分生產就陷於毫無意義和追求豪華場面的停滯局面。 1927年10月23日,阿蘭·克勞斯蘭德攝制的有聲響、對白和歌唱的《爵士歌王》的第一次上映,標志著電影已進入了它的歷史的一個新時代。有聲技術的運用使電影中復雜的敘事與流暢的對話成為可能,這一切促成了經典好萊塢電影濃重的戲劇化風格。同時這種風格也符合當時的製片廠制度。由好萊塢巨鱷麥克•塞納特創造的製片廠制度客觀上要求電影必須以迎合最廣大觀眾的審美需求為目標,而傳統的被大眾所熟悉的戲劇化美學觀顯然是最好的選擇。類型電影在這樣的背景下應運而生。這些被克拉考爾稱為迎合觀眾「深層集體心理」的影片,通過程式化的情節、類型化的人物,迅速占據了觀眾的視野,科幻、歌舞、犯罪等形式的類型片得以在世界影院中大行其道。 西部片作為最「美國化」的類型片在經典好萊塢時期佔有重要的地位。西部片頌揚、推崇那種粗獷的個人主義和適者生存的精神,體現著善必勝惡的道德理想,因而在美國影壇上長盛不衰。弗雷德•金尼曼拍攝於1952年的《正午》就在很多方面體現了西部片的特徵,或者說是體現了經典好萊塢時期影片的特徵。 然而,《正午》雖然在很多方面有著經典好萊塢的影子,但它決不算是一部地道的經典好萊塢電影。事實上這部拍攝於1952年的影片在好萊塢發展史中扮演著新舊兩時期轉折點的角色。《正午》中最明顯異於傳統好萊塢影片的莫過於對凱恩這個形象的塑造。傳統西部片中的英雄形象往往代表著絕對的正義與公理,而凱恩在影片中卻處在一個尷尬的境地。由於小鎮居民不肯幫助這個曾經保衛他們的警長,使得凱恩的對立方不僅是惡棍,甚至還包括了小鎮居民。影片對凱恩作了大量的心理描寫,他開始思考自己的立場與行為,思考自己的何去何從。《正午》中塑造人物避免了過於類型化,對以往的警長形象也有了一定地顛覆,影片還放棄了西部片一貫的大團圓結局,選擇了凱恩扔掉警徽離開小鎮作為結束,增強了故事的客觀性。 《正午》拍攝於1952年,而這恰是好萊塢黃金時期剛剛結束的時間,好萊塢隨之進入了一段困頓的低潮期。直至上世紀的六、七十年代,隨著西方社會後工業化、後社會化的愈演愈烈,新的社會藝術思潮泛濫。這些新思潮激盪著人們的思想,改變了人們對於藝術的欣賞取向和接受程度。電影的觀眾群體也發生了變化,經典好萊塢時期電影的風格已不能滿足他們的觀影需要了。四十年代的義大利新現實主義運動和五十年代的法國電影新浪潮沖擊和影響了當時的美國影壇,加速了好萊塢電影的變化。於是以亞瑟•佩恩的《邦尼與克萊德》為代表的一批「新式」的影片應運而生,也拉開了新好萊塢時期的序幕。 新好萊塢時期描寫人物的典型手法是,影片中的主人公不再是善惡分明的類型化人物,而是具有更加復雜的內心世界。新好萊塢注重人物的立體化與心理化,增加了影片的層次與深度。新好萊塢電影的敘事特點,即在繼承好萊塢善於講故事傳統的基礎上,將影片的故事納入到廣闊的社會背景中,為影片融入真實性與社會性,使好萊塢電影較之以前更加具有社會意義與深度。 新好萊塢電影還受到歐洲電影的深刻影響。商業電影藝術化、藝術電影商業化成為這一時期電影發展的一個趨勢,許多歐洲藝術電影的處理方法被用於好萊塢電影中。 從經典時期到新時期,電影在好萊塢這塊土地上經歷了半個世紀的演變,無論是故事結構還是人物形象或是觀念意識,都發生了巨大的變化。經典好萊塢時期的一套手法在當代已不能滿足觀眾的需要,而更善於適應社會時代需要的新好萊塢電影卻悄然占據了觀眾的視線。 從70年代到80年代的過渡時期,新好萊塢完成了自己的使命。近10年的時間,美國每年生產200部左右的影片,電影與電視爭奪觀眾的競爭已達到平衡。電影保持著10到12億的觀眾,並且有了自己的越來越廣闊的海外市場。據1993年的統計證實,美國電影國內票房收入達52億,發行收入26億。視聽產品的貿易順差僅次於飛機製造出口業,為美國第二大行業。在全年世界銀幕上上座率最高的10O部影片中美國影片佔88部。 好萊塢電影通過自身的調整完成了向後工業時代的過渡,至今仍雄踞世界電影工業金字塔的頂端,顯示出其強大的生命力。通過對好萊塢的全面考察,有助於我們對日常生活中電影的思考,有助於我們對自己的民族電影的判斷。對一般觀眾來說,可以作為娛樂方式看待好萊塢電影;對電影創作者來說,可以學習好萊塢式商業電影獨特的藝術形式的規則;對於製片人來說,可以從好萊塢式的商業規則中,學習好萊塢的電影理念和運作方式;而對理論家來說,可以通過對好萊塢特性的認識反思的歷史和問題。考察好萊塢的電影史對於中國電影產業的發展,不可不說是有所裨益。

『叄』 美國電影史英文版

英譯:For a long time, the United States only to the film as a means of entertainment to Hollywood as a story and fantasy proction factories, so first of all note that the movie business value. However, after 70 years, the American film has been great development in academic research. In 1967, both in Washington and Los Angeles have established the American Film Institute (AFI). Film Archive, throughout the United States, including important ones are the New York Museum of Modern Art, Rochester's Eastman Film Archive, the Library of Congress, Washington, Berkeley Pacific Film Archive. 8 large film company has disintegrated or converting 60 years after the
A large number of film and archives donated to the museum and the University Film Studies Center, the study of national film traditions, protect their heritage plays a significant role in the film.

By 1900, Hollywood has a post office, a newspaper, a hotel and two markets, its residents number 500. 100,000 population in Los Angeles in the city, 11 kilometers east. In Hollywood and Los Angeles have only a single-track tram. 1902 Hollywood hotel, now known as the first part of the opening. In 1903, here upgraded to the city's 177 voting residents of the right to vote unanimously endorsed by the "Hollywood," named after whom. That year under the two commands are: In addition to pharmacies in other stores outside the prohibition, and no amount of driving in the streets more than 200 cattle. 1904
A new so-called Hollywood Avenue streetcar opened, so that between the Hollywood and Los Angeles round-trip time significantly shortened. In 1910, Hollywood residents voted to join the Los Angeles. The reason is so that they can be in Los Angeles drinking water and access to adequate drainage facilities.
In 1907, director Francis Burgess led his crew arrived in Los Angeles, filming "Count of Monte Cristo." They found that, where beautiful natural scenery, plenty of light and suitable climate is the natural place for filming. The early 1910s, director David Griffith Biograph company was sent to the West Coast to make a film, he took Lillian Gish, Mary-bi g-fu and other actors came to Los Angeles. They were then looking for a new site, so proceed north, came a warm small town, and that is Hollywood. Biograph company found here in good condition
So back to New York before they filmed several movies. Graally many people in the instry know that invaluable piece of land, to the increasing number of Hollywood movie crew, the U.S. film instry moved to Hollywood's big movement started, Hollywood movies have to be forward.
October 1911, a group from New Jersey to film-makers on the ground that under the leadership of the photographer came to a small Inn called Bu Lang, they will rent the inn converted into a studio look. In this way, they created Hollywood's first film studio - Ernest Pictures.
Since then, many film companies settled in Hollywood, the famous film companies: MGM (Metro Goldwyn Mayer, called MGM), Paramount Pictures (Paramount Pictures, Inc.), Twentieth Century Fox (20th Century Fox), Warner Bros. (Warner Brothers), RKO (Radio Keith Orpheum, referred to as RKO), Universal (Universal), United Artists Corporation (United Artists), Columbia Pictures (Columbia Pictures).

【中文】
關於美國電影
長期以來,美國只把電影看作是娛樂手段,把好萊塢當成生產故事和幻想的工廠,因此首先注意影片的商業價值。但是,70年代前後,美國電影學術研究有了很大的發展。1967年,在華盛頓和洛杉磯兩地成立了美國電影研究院(AFI)。電影資料館遍布全美,其中重要的有紐約現代藝術博物館、羅切斯特的伊斯曼電影數據館、華盛頓國會圖書館、伯克利太平洋電影資料館等。8大影片公司於60年代先後解體或轉產之後,影片和檔案大量捐贈給上述資料館和各大學的電影研究中心,對研究本國電影傳統、保護本國電影文物起著很大作用。

二十世紀的好萊塢:到1900年,好萊塢已經有一間郵局、一張報紙、一座旅館和兩個市場,其居民數為500人。10萬人口的洛杉磯位於市東11公里處。在好萊塢和洛杉磯間只有一條單軌的有軌電車。1902年,今天著名的好萊塢酒店的第一部分開業。1903年,此地升格為市,參加投票的177位有選舉權的居民一致贊同以「好萊塢」為之命名。當年下的兩條命令是:除葯店外其他商店禁酒,及不準在街上驅趕數量多於200的牛群。1904年,一條新的被稱為好萊塢大街的有軌電車開業,使好萊塢與洛杉磯間的往返時間大大縮短。1910年,好萊塢的居民投票決定加入洛杉磯。原因是這樣他們可以通過洛杉磯取得足夠的飲水和獲得排水設施。
1907年,導演弗朗西斯·伯格斯帶領他的攝制組來到洛杉磯,拍攝《基督山伯爵》。他們發現,這里明媚的自然風光、充足的光線和適宜的氣候是拍攝電影的天然場所。1910年代初,導演大衛·格里菲斯被Biograph公司派到西海岸來拍電影,他帶著麗蓮·吉許、瑪麗·璧克馥等演員來到了洛杉磯。他們後來想尋找一塊新的地盤,於是向北出發,來到了一個熱情的小鎮,那就是好萊塢。Biograph公司發現此地條件不錯,於是在回紐約前又陸續拍了好幾部電影。漸漸許多業內人士都知道了這塊寶地,到好萊塢的電影劇組越來越多,美國電影業移師好萊塢的大轉移開始,好萊塢向成為電影之都邁進。
1911年10月,一批從新澤西來的電影工作者在當地以為攝影師的帶領下,來到一家叫布朗杜的小客棧,他們將租到的客棧改裝成一家電影公司的樣子。這樣,他們創建了好萊塢的第一家電影製片廠——內斯特影片公司。
從那以後,許多電影公司在好萊塢落戶,著名的電影公司有:米高梅電影公司(Metro Goldwyn Mayer,簡稱MGM)、派拉蒙影業公司(Paramount Pictures, Inc.)、二十世紀福克斯公司(20th Century Fox)、華納兄弟公司(Warner Brothers)、雷電華公司(Radio Keith Orpheum,簡稱RKO)、環球公司(Universal)、聯美公司(United Artists)、哥倫比亞影業公司(Columbia Pictures)。

『肆』 要歐洲電影發展史,在線等

歐洲是電影的發源地,在世界電影史上曾寫下光輝燦爛的篇章。一代代的歐洲電影工作者憑著對電影藝術的執著追求,向世人奉獻了舉不勝數的傳世佳作。一代代的歐洲電影工作者憑著對電影藝術的執著追求,向世人奉獻了舉不勝數的傳世佳作。

1.首先將聲音、色彩運用於電影
2. 率先使用了寬銀幕

3.每一次興起概念電影的重要組成部分: 超現實主義電影運動。(所眾周知,1928年西班牙人路易斯布努艾爾的那部24分鍾的短片《一條安達魯狗》中刀片切割人眼球、口中長出頭發等的怪異鏡頭,開創了超現實主義電影的先河)

4.新浪潮電影的根據地。

這些技術和風格上的電影革命從根本上改變了電影的最初面貌,而使之成為一門藝術,時至今日,歐洲的電影人們仍在孜孜不倦地對第七藝術--電影做出不可磨滅的貢獻。

目前市面上很難見到那些歐洲電影大師級人物的作品,不過每當談起這些響當當的名字:英格瑪.伯格曼、阿倫.雷乃、費德里科.費里尼、安東尼奧尼、弗郎索瓦.特呂弗、賴納.沃納.法斯賓德,許多影友便禁不住眉飛色舞。

新浪潮,肯定首先想到的是法國五、六十年代的作品,由克羅德夏布羅爾、弗郎索瓦特呂弗、讓呂克戈爾達和埃立克羅邁爾這幾位《電影手冊》雜志的編輯掀起的這場電影新浪潮,從1958年到1962雖說持續時間不算長,但對整個世界電影卻產生了巨大影響。

這期間的代表作品是:特呂弗的《胡作非為》(即《四百下》)、戈達爾的《精疲力盡》等。

隨即響應這股洶涌浪潮的歐洲導演多達100多號子,如「左岸派」的代表人物阿侖雷乃(《廣島之戀》)阿涅斯瓦爾達以及德國電影奇才法斯賓德(《水手奎萊爾》),也有科班出身的路易馬勒(《再見孩子》、《愛情重傷》)等以及一些魚龍混雜之人。

作為一場運動,新浪潮只是曇花一現便很快消失了,不過它的影響卻改變了以後的兩代電影人,如今這股當年被視為無政府主義的風潮再次席捲了法國乃至歐洲電影圈,新生代的電影家們向七八十年代迴避現實與回歸「優質電影」的傾向提出的挑戰。

與盧克貝松(反映退縮到大海深處孤獨生活的《碧海情》)、讓雅克阿諾(幽閉禁錮人性的教堂生活的《玫瑰的名字》)、卡拉克斯(無人的石橋下那永遠不靠岸的漂泊愛情故事《新橋戀人》)等人的唯美主義和非人格化的意象色彩不同,以埃立克羅尚、科里科拉爾等人開創的電影新新浪潮,回歸過去雷諾阿時代的現實主義傳統,不僅時代鮮明,而且沒有花哨的攝影技巧,靠的是以人性在現實中的真實體現打動觀眾。

1989年的《冷酷祭典》如一股清風吹入影壇,這部榮獲威尼斯、凱撒最佳女主角、多倫多影評人大獎的影片,描述的是兩位個性很強的女性,由於都曾有過被迫殺人的經歷而結識到成為好朋友,然而現實中並非如她們所意願地發展,直至在作保姆的主人家裡迸發出所有激情。

另外一部代表作品就是92年的《瘋狂夜》,這部編導兼主演本人因愛滋病死去的反映當今愛滋病時代的真實見證的影片激情四溢,無論從電影史上還是社會學角度而言,均堪稱里程碑,因為它是第一次直面愛滋病患者的真實生活並以其獨特的魅力改變著社會對愛滋病及其患者的態度。 95年的《仇恨》和《誘餌》(新鮮誘惑)都屬於這類取材於社會、更接近觀眾的影片,不過這股新新浪潮的影片對整體電影業發展和社會現狀是否有好處,排除藝術本身的因素不談,現在還很難作出結論。 95年的《仇恨》和《誘餌》(新鮮誘惑)都屬於這類取材於社會、更接近觀眾的影片,不過這股新新浪潮的影片對整體電影業發展和社會現狀是否有好處,排除藝術本身的因素不談,現在還很難作出結論。

現在翻回去來看看戈達爾的名作《精疲力盡》,影片描寫一個四處為非作歹的強盜在一個americangirl的幫助下躲避警方的追捕,最後還是被她告發,死於警察的槍口之下。現在翻回去來看看戈達爾的名作《精疲力盡》,影片描寫一個四處為非作歹的強盜在一個american girl的幫助下躲避警方的追捕,最後還是被她告發,死於警察的槍口之下。 影片之所以轟動是因為:「它從一個新的視角觀察人生,表現了人的行為的隨意性、無目的性以及人際關系的冷漠,而且它還表現出對傳統電影規范和陳舊的技術法則的蔑視與背離,採用靈活的敘事方式、畫面格式與跳接等大膽技巧」。影片之所以轟動是因為:「它從一個新的視角觀察人生,表現了人的行為的隨意性、無目的性以及人際關系的冷漠,而且它還表現出對傳統電影規范和陳舊的技術法則的蔑視與背離,採用靈活的敘事方式、畫面格式與跳接等大膽技巧」。

特呂弗的《胡作非為》早於同年的《精疲力盡》,這小子是靠大量觀摩電影而「自學成才」的導演,與他經歷極為相似的導演就是美國鬼才昆汀.塔倫蒂諾,據說昆汀在導演《黑色小說》之前,每天要看上五六部電影。特呂弗的《胡作非為》早於同年的《精疲力盡》,這小子是靠大量觀摩電影而「自學成才」的導演,與他經歷極為相似的導演就是美國鬼才昆汀.塔倫蒂諾,據說昆汀在導演《黑色小說》之前,每天要看上五六部電影。1959年的這部影片描述13歲少年杜瓦爾在學校、家庭和社會均得不到溫暖的情況下,屢次出逃並最終走上犯罪道路。 1959年的這部影片描述13歲少年杜瓦爾在學校、家庭和社會均得不到溫暖的情況下,屢次出逃並最終走上犯罪道路。有傳聞說這部影片是特呂弗的自傳體,如同《黑色小說》是昆汀這個小混混的自我寫照、《陽光燦爛日子》是姜文和王朔的兒時一般,它勝在以樸素的紀實風格、濃厚的生活氣息、細膩的心理揭示及實景拍攝、攝影機連續運動、長鏡頭的恰當使用等藝術創新手法上,它也使得特呂弗首次拍長片便獲得了戛納影展最佳導演獎,真的同昆汀與他的《黑色小說》如出一轍。有傳聞說這部影片是特呂弗的自傳體,如同《黑色小說》是昆汀這個小混混的自我寫照、《陽光燦爛日子》是姜文和王朔的兒時一般,它勝在以樸素的紀實風格、濃厚的生活氣息、細膩的心理揭示及實景拍攝、攝影機連續運動、長鏡頭的恰當使用等藝術創新手法上,它也使得特呂弗首次拍長片便獲得了戛納影展最佳導演獎,真的同昆汀與他的《黑色小說》如出一轍。

再來看看德國的新浪潮,歷史上德國影片一直不乏極為優秀的作品,1979年施隆多夫的《鐵皮鼓》玩命獲獎,使德國電影得到了世界公認。再來看看德國的新浪潮,歷史上德國影片一直不乏極為優秀的作品,1979年施隆多夫的《鐵皮鼓》玩命獲獎,使德國電影得到了世界公認。德國電影新浪潮始於六十年代末,代表人物當首推Rainer WernerFassbinder(法斯賓德),這位英年早逝的電影奇才是「反戲劇劇院」流派的主要人物。德國電影新浪潮始於六十年代末,代表人物當首推Rainer Werner Fassbinder(法斯賓德),這位英年早逝的電影奇才是「反戲劇劇院」流派的主要人物。 1969年僅24歲的法斯賓德就以其處女作品《愛比死更冷》聞名於世,他不權是編劇、導演,而且還親自上陣作主角,從其短暫的14年電影生涯共拍出41部影片來看,在世界電影史上都是極為罕見的,他暢導的「新德國電影」運動,直到今天以維姆文德斯為代表的德國電影人仍在發展壯大。 1969年僅24歲的法斯賓德就以其處女作品《愛比死更冷》聞名於世,他不權是編劇、導演,而且還親自上陣作主角,從其短暫的14年電影生涯共拍出41部影片來看,在世界電影史上都是極為罕見的,他暢導的「新德國電影」運動,直到今天以維姆文德斯為代表的德國電影人仍在發展壯大。

法斯賓德最重要的兩部作品是1979年的《瑪麗婭布勞恩的婚姻》和1982年的絕筆之作《水手奎萊爾》,前者使德國電影打入了美國乃至世界市場,後者剛是一部情色經典,這所以說它是情色作品,是因為該片充滿了同性戀、雙性戀以及佔有欲極強的中年婦人的亂倫行為。法斯賓德最重要的兩部作品是1979年的《瑪麗婭布勞恩的婚姻》和1982年的絕筆之作《水手奎萊爾》,前者使德國電影打入了美國乃至世界市場,後者剛是一部情色經典,這所以說它是情色作品,是因為該片充滿了同性戀、雙性戀以及佔有欲極強的中年婦人的亂倫行為。這是一部表現主義作品,沒有完整的敘事結構,事件之間也沒有必然的因果關系,人物的行為既無動機,又無邏輯,整部影片象一篇用影像構成的寓言。這是一部表現主義作品,沒有完整的敘事結構,事件之間也沒有必然的因果關系,人物的行為既無動機,又無邏輯,整部影片像一篇用影像構成的寓言。「它是法斯賓德個人經歷的寫照,也是他構築極端世界的模式:一個無愛的世界,人生活在這個世界中充滿了爭斗、欺詐、謀殺和性。」為表現這一世界,法斯賓德在整部影片當中都使用同一種顏色--橙色,這是一種表現色情的色彩,使觀眾產生一種壓抑感,「好象進入地獄,使人透不過氣來」。 「它是法斯賓德個人經歷的寫照,也是他構築極端世界的模式:一個無愛的世界,人生活在這個世界中充滿了爭斗、欺詐、謀殺和性。」為表現這一世界,法斯賓德在整部影片當中都使用同一種顏色--橙色,這是一種表現色情的色彩,使觀眾產生一種壓抑感,「好像進入地獄,使人透不過氣來」。

文姆文德斯的作品近兩年在大陸碟市上已經屢見不鮮,從〈德克薩斯州的巴黎〉(1984)到〈直到世界末日〉(1990)(3碟),從〈天使之翼〉(1987)到〈暴力啟示錄〉(1997)文德斯的成功證明了自己是當之無愧的當代德國電影代言人。文姆文德斯的作品近兩年在大陸碟市上已經屢見不鮮,從〈德克薩斯州的巴黎〉(1984)到〈直到世界末日〉(1990)(3碟),從〈天使之翼〉(1987)到〈暴力啟示錄〉(1997)文德斯的成功證明了自己是當之無愧的當代德國電影代言人。 同時他也是獲次數最多的德國導演,〈德州巴黎〉獲戛納金棕櫚大獎,86-87年間的半紀錄體影片〈柏林上空〉獲戛納影評人特別獎及歐洲電影節最佳影片大獎。同時他也是獲次數最多的德國導演,〈德州巴黎〉獲戛納金棕櫚大獎,86-87年間的半紀錄體影片〈柏林上空〉獲戛納影評人特別獎及歐洲電影節最佳影片大獎。此外,〈天使之翼〉還被無恥的好萊塢在96年翻拍成〈天使之城〉(X情人)。此外,〈天使之翼〉還被無恥的好萊塢在96年翻拍成〈天使之城〉(X情人)。

『伍』 用英文介紹一下電影歷史

早期無聲片
軟性電影
早期類型影片
費穆的「儒家電影」
傳教電影
李香蘭和「滿映」電影
持攝影機的人們
先鋒實驗電影

自己翻譯下

『陸』 求一篇電影發展史的作文,大學的,150字左右,要英文的急求!

The history of film spans over 100 years, from the latter part of the 19th century to the present day. Motion pictures developed graally from a carnival novelty to one of the most important tools of communication and entertainment, and mass media in the 20th century and into the 21st century. Most films before 1930 were silent. Motion picture films have substantially affected the arts, technology, and politics.
The cinema was invented ring the 1890s, ring what is now called the instrial revolution. It was considered a cheaper, simpler way to provide entertainment to the masses. Movies would become the most popular visual art form of the late Victorian age. It was simpler because of the fact that before the cinema people would have to travel long distances to see major dioramas or amusement parks. With the advent of the cinema this changed. During the first decade of the cinema's existence, inventors worked to improve the machines for making and showing films. The cinema is a complicated medium, and before it could be invented, several technological requirements had to be met

『柒』 英語電影 有關歷史

近期的
百夫長Centurion (2010)
劇情
尹 胰 在公燥元117臣年,羅馬試圖埠入諸侵扦英迸國,跟隨揩羅馬赫爭赫有瀉名起的攀第樓九軍攀團脂以及冊軍革團覺統帥「Virilus將臼軍崖」箭遠躲征英靖國的百喻夫瞎長昆圖斯·哎迪牙亞斯饞(Quintus Dias),奉命瑟北上槽除掉叢匹誰克燃特族矚人首臻領Gorlacon,墨並服將該棉族榴人獄斬滯盡刮殺伸絕。畝不過在莖匹克特雍人偷襲綳中,該忘軍團全貫軍癸覆滅,滁只有昆枚圖斯·迪亞蹭斯椿得以倖存。投而歐嘉·柯誨瑞附蘭寇飾骨演蹲的鷹艾噓泰恩,因庸為與全家企被瓤羅勘馬慚人殺害,她自惋己廈也被割掉了掀舌茹頭,頤從而窯和昆噓圖斯典·迪緘亞斯一摯起走上了餓復仇辦之路瓮。

分手信Dear John (2010)
劇情
影片改編自「美式純愛系小說天王」尼古拉斯·斯帕克斯的小說,戰爭的創痛、愛情的心碎、成長的代價——種種際遇娓娓道來。

奇襲60陣地Beneath Hill 60 (2010)
劇情
奧利弗伍德沃德的非凡真實故事。這是1916年,德沃德淚別他的年輕女友,從軍前往西部前線,其間還要穿越德國陣地。德沃德和他的團隊從事秘密隧道工事,鋪設炸葯。他們的努力將改變戰爭的進程。

特殊關系The Special Relationship (2010)
劇情
影片聚焦的是1997年至2000年期間,當時的英國首相托尼·布萊爾與當時的美國總統比爾·柯林頓之間的「親密聯系」。

國王的演講The King's Speech (2010)
劇情
這部講述伊麗莎白二世的父親喬治六世國王生平的傳記電影,在開拍伊始就被看好成為2011年各大獎項的種子選手。

公眾之敵Public Enemies (2009)
劇情
在上世紀30年代的大蕭條中,約翰·迪林格和同夥搶遍了美國的中西部銀行,聯邦調查局探員茂文·普維斯誓要將其捉拿歸案。

本人非常推薦的
父輩的旗幟Flags of Our Fathers (2006)
劇情
改編自詹姆斯·布拉德利所著的小說《父輩的旗幟:硫黃島戰役的英雄們》,影片最值得關注的是伊斯特伍德怎樣去展示「敵人」的故事

拯救大兵瑞恩Saving Private Ryan (1998)
劇情
當百萬大軍登陸諾曼底海灘時,一小隊由約翰·米勒中尉(湯姆·漢克斯飾演)率領的美軍士兵卻深入敵區,冒著生命危險拯救一名士兵詹姆斯·雷恩(麥特·戴蒙飾演)。詹姆斯·雷恩是家中四兄弟的老幺,他的三名兄長都在這次戰役中相繼陣亡。美國作戰總指揮部的將領為了不讓這位不幸的母親再承受喪子之痛,決定派一支特別小分隊,將她僅存的兒子安全地救出戰區。

風語者Windtalkers (2002)
劇情
二戰中,納瓦霍文被用作為最高機密的密碼,因為日本軍隊沒法解破它,因此保護納瓦霍士兵加爾成了美國海軍上尉喬的重要任務。

辛德勒的名單Schindler's List (1993)
劇情
德國投機商人辛德勒為了賺錢,在自己的工廠中使用廉價的猶太人。面對納粹的屠殺,辛德勒開始想法保護盡可能多的猶太人。

肖申克的救贖The Shawshank Redemption (1994)
劇情
故事發廈生在1947匙年,橡銀測行家倪安迪被篡當作假殺衙害妻仗子趾與悔情夫授的氈兇手送旗上斥法庭,犢安淋迪被竹判謂無期杉徙端刑根,糾這熔意赤味印著二他將狽在敢肖詣恩克監獄中渡郁過劈餘生。

『捌』 中國電影發展史的英文介紹

An introction of the history of Chinese films in English.
中國電影發展史的英文介紹

『玖』 求一篇600字左右英文的商業電影概念和起源、發展。

中國商業電影一個是品質問題一個是模式問題,我覺的像現在的導演,大陸拍商業片的恐怕只有馮小剛算是個半成功的了,不能說全成功是因為他的風格似乎總是過於局限,而電影受眾也過於局限,像別的導演,多半文藝片出生,要麼現在索性就是文藝片的市場,總是聽見某某在國外拿了獎,拿到內地來同樣沒什麼票房.
中國現在的商業片不成氣候,撐死了那麼幾個導演那麼幾個編劇,而且礙於社會主義好的原則,很多題材都不能拍,也沒有那麼多的資金來弄.
像我在大學里開音像店,很多印度留學生,且不說這個國家如何,人的素質如何.人家還就是比我們的國人要愛電影,即使老是操著一口發音奇怪的英語來問某某片子,可是電影儼然成為人家生活的一部分.
像現在國內還沒有一個統一的電影基地,而電影的編制原則也太過於僵化,哪裡有哪個編劇就要一直編劇的,一個好的編劇一輩子就吃死了那麼一本好劇本,別的全垃圾還要拿出來拍什麼商業大片,搞到最後都是靠媒體優勢來拿的票房.
中國商業電影的模式如果一直如此單一,恐怕走不長遠.
盼望有好片子誕生,也只怕一直都只能成為一個夢想了.

翻譯:
China's commercial film is a quality problem is to model a problem, I feel like now the director of the mainland will only be a commercial movie to be half the success of Feng Xiaogang, and can not say that the whole success is because of his style always seemed too restrictive, while the Film audiences are too limited, like other directors, most artistic film, was born, or is simply a market that is an artistic film, always heard so and so took a prize in foreign countries, to get the same little box office mainland.
China's current commercial films do not come into vogue several directors Chengsi so just a handful of writers, but also because of the good principles of socialism, many subjects can not be beat, nor so much money to get.
As I opened video stores in the university, many Indian students, not to mention how this country, people's qualities. People also is to love people than our movies, even if always, speaking in a strange pronunciation of English to ask a of a film, but the film has become an integral part of life people.
As now there is not a unified national film base, the establishment of the principle of the film is also too rigid and, where there is what writers should have been a screenwriter, a good scriptwriter eat dead life so a good script, do not all garbage to film would be set aside large tracts of what the business, got to the last are the advantages of relying on the media to come and collect at the box office.
Chinese commercial films has always been the case if a single model, I am afraid to go a long-term.
Looking forward to the birth of good films, but also I'm afraid they have been can only be a dream.

『拾』 英文電影發展史

這個也太有難度了吧,非得專業人士不行啊,建議你還是直接娶你老師那邊索要得了,呵呵,大不了請吃頓飯完事!

熱點內容
日本綜藝中國電影完整版 發布:2023-08-31 22:05:04 瀏覽:1656
日本污電影推薦 發布:2023-08-31 22:03:58 瀏覽:630
北京電影學院有哪些小演員 發布:2023-08-31 22:01:10 瀏覽:1611
日本電影女主割下男主 發布:2023-08-31 21:58:33 瀏覽:1346
一個法國女孩剪短頭發電影 發布:2023-08-31 21:57:38 瀏覽:1348
日本電影主角平田一郎 發布:2023-08-31 21:54:07 瀏覽:995
電影票為什麼搶不到 發布:2023-08-31 21:52:52 瀏覽:1288
電影院眼鏡嗎 發布:2023-08-31 21:50:27 瀏覽:713
港劇曉梅是哪個電影 發布:2023-08-31 21:50:15 瀏覽:737
書生娶個鬼老婆是什麼電影 發布:2023-08-31 21:49:25 瀏覽:791